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ILIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

(SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT.) 

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REMARKS 



o:s A 



DANISH RUNIC STONE 



FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, 



FOUND IN THE 



CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. 



BY 



CHARLES CHRISTIAN RAFN. 



rHMMHHH. 



A, 



OHSffllfflS 



Jft f /i fa ■/<(** aJp 




REMARKS 



o \ A 



DANISH HUNK STONE 

FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, 

FOUND IN THE 

CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. 



CHARLES CHRISTIANSEN. 



PUBLISH i:i> BY THi; 



ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. 



COPENHAGEN, 4 

IT.IMLI* BY BEBLliSG It ROTH BBS. 

1854. 



<$ ; 



DANISH RUNIC STONE, 



FOUND IN THE 



CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. 



TOTETTiTO 



7 -U 



m 



m 



k 



'•Lu.NDUiNAUOUC or allra borga most ok agaezt of oil 
Nordrlond:" The city of London is of all cities the lar- 
gest and most distinguished in all the Northern countries: 
is an expression which we find already in the Saga of Kagnar 
Lodbrok 1 . Visits paid by Northmen to king Athelslanc 
residing in London are mentioned in the Egils Saga- and 
in the Sagas of the kings of Norway* 1 . At that time the 
Danish dominion in Norlhumberland and other pails of 
England 1 more particularly in Norfolk and Suffolk, had 
tor some centuries been of great importance. Alter Canute 
the Great had taken London and subsequently established 
himself as supreme ruler, this dominion became equally 
important lor the whole of England and remained unshaken 
for many \ears. A great many Northmen, and more par- 
ticularh Danes, ;it that lime, no doubt, settled in England, 
and occupied high stations, in London, of course, as elsewhere. 



') Fornalilar So^ur Nordrlanda cd. C. C. Rafu, I, p 289. 
-j Egil* Sag* Skallagrimssonar c 65 p. 407. Olafs sa?a Trygg- 
tasonar <• s-«> ») Korn manna S6»ur I, p. 16- 17. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND JIN LONDON. 5 

ll is a monument undoubtedly erected by two such 
men which here comes under our consideration. A Fellow 
of our Society residing in London — and who with great 
zeal watches o\er the Society's interests — Mr. John Brown, 
has enabled us to describe this object of antiquity with 
great accuracy. As soon as its discovery had become known 
in Loudon, he applied to Mr. James T. Knowles Ju.n., the 
architect who had the superinteudance of the works, by 
means of which the stone was brought to light; and the 
latter genlleinan did not only, with the greatest readiness, 
communicate to us a circumstantial report about this cu- 
rious monument, but made the Society a most welcome 
present of a cast of the stone, which enables us to exa- 
mine the inscripiion with greater accuracy and certainty. 

Along with a letter dated the 11th Dec. 1852 he sent 
to our Society the cast of this very interesting Runic Monu- 
ment, which was dug up . in the last month of August in 
the central part of London (or as he expresses it ut in the 
heart of the city of London"). In his letter he adds: '"Should 
the course of my profession — (an architect's) bring me 
into contact with more such relics as the one which forms 
the subject of this communication, 1 shall feel proud in any 
way to further the object of Scandina\ian archaeology — 
by transmitting some notice of them to you." 

London was in ancient times dhided in two parts by 
a pretty brook of excellent water, and running from North 
to South. The water was gathered from the fields lying 
to the North of the city. This brook had a passage through 
the city wall and ran through the centre of the city into 
the Thames. Down to the 13th century London was di- 
vided into 24 wards, of which 13 lay to the East and 
11 to the West of the said brook which on account of its 
passage through the city wall was named "'Wallbrooke". 



Q v |»AMSU RUNIC BTONR POUND irs LOISUO.Y 

I he wards on i*i«' Wesl side increased in extent much more 
rapidl] than those on the East, and on that account the 
one of i hem Farringdon, which had been considerably en- 
larged also by buildings without the gates, was in the 
scar 139,% by an Act of Parliament, divided into two 
wards, the one called Farringdon without (the wall") 
and the other, which was older, Farringdon within. In 
the latter ward. Farringdon within, was situate the church 
of St. Paul, with the Monastery and other buildings there- 
to belonging, in the same place which still is occupied by 
this Church and its nearest environs. The church was sur- 
rounded, as it still is, by St. Paul's churchyard, but in 
modern limes this is a churchyard only in name, for it is 
nothing but an open space surrounded on both sides by an 
oval or elliptical row of houses. This row of regularly num- 
bered houses is what now is called a St. Paul's churchyard", 
which appellation at present, accordingly, is but the name 
of a street. The foundation of this cathedral was first 
laid about the y«*ar 010 by Ethelred, king of Kent, who 
endowed St. Paul's Monastery with landed estates. Among 
the kings, who at a subsequent period most munificently en- 
dowed this church, Athelstane, Edgar, Canute the Great, Ed- 
ward the Confessor, and William the Conqueror are mentioned. 
In the year 1086 the church of St. Paul was burnt 
down in the great fire which at the same time destroyed 
the greatest part of the city. The Bishop Mauricius then 
laid the foundation of a new Church of St. Paul, a build- 
ing of so vast an extent that many at that time believed 
it never would be finished. For the purpose of securing 
it against fire it was erected on arches of Stone, a mode 
of architecture till then unknown in England, which was 
introduced from France: even the stone was brought from 
Caen in Normandy. Riehard Beamor, the successor to 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 7 

Mauritius in the Bishoprick, enlarged the territory of the 
church, by adding to it, at his own expense, several large 
streets and lanes. In the 14 th century the church-yard 
was surrounded by a wall. In the middle of the church- 
yard the celebrated Cross was erected, with the Pulpit be- 
side it. This was considered as one of the most remark- 
able as well as also one of the most sacred and solemn 
places in England. Here the most renowned Divines, and 
Scholars of the highest distinction, had preached during the 
course of centuries; and here business of stale had been 
solemnly transacted. According to a resolution of Parlia- 
ment the cross and pulpit were taken down in the year 
1643. The Cathedral of St. Paul was again destroyed 
in the great fire of London 166§, and was rebuilt in a 
style fully equalling its former magnificence in the years 
1675 to 1710. The new church of St. Paul is the largest 
and most magnificent in the protcstant world, and in the 
list of the churches of Europe it is always placed imme- 
diately after the Church of St. Peter in Rome. 

Numerous monuments recorded the names of those 
buried in the ancient church. Erkenwalde, Bishop of London, 
was buried in the ancient church about the year 700, and his 
body was translated into the new church in the year J 140. 
Sebba, king of the East Saxons, was also buried in the 
ancient church and translated to the new, and also Elhelred 
king of the West Saxons *. Both in the Saga of Harald 
the Severe and also in that of Edward the Confessor it is 
stated that the latter died in London and was buried in the 
Church of St. Paul (var jardadr i Pals kirkja), and the 

*) See "The history and antiquities of London, by Thomas Allen, 
vol. III., Loudon 1828" and ' 4 A Survey of London, conteyning the 
Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Description, writ- 
ten in the year 1598 by John Stow J a new edition by William J. 
Thorns, London 1842." 



8 A DANISM HUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

historian adds that immediately after his death he was glori- 
fied b) miracles, and he lay in the earth till St. Thomas, 
the Archbishop of Canterbury, removed him and caused him 
to be laid in a magnifieent sarcophagus. In the Saga of 
Harald the Severe, it is further stated that Harald, the son 
of Godwin, who at the decease of Edward was proclaimed 
king, was anointed and crowned the eighth day of Christmas 
in the Church of St. Paul (var vigdr konungs vigslu i 
Pals kirkju') J . 

These preliminary observations may be deemed suffi- 
cient to establish the locality, which, although the citizens 
of London and even Englishmen in general may be suffi- 
ciently convinced that the church of St. Paul still stands 
where it has stood these thousand years, is, in treating of 
matters so ancient, by no means superfluous, since the truth 
of the popular tradition thus is fortified by the testimony 
of ancient authors, English as well as Northern. And we 
shall now insert Mr. Knowles's communication concerning 
this relic: 

Clapham Park, December 1852. 
Runic Grave Stone frdmSt. Paul's Church- Yard, London. 

The stone, of the monumental portion of which the 
accompanying cast is a fac- simile, was discovered in the 
process of excavating for the foundations of a new ware- 
house for Messrs. Cook Sons & Co. on the South side of 
St. Paul's Church-Yard, in the month of August this year. 

At the depth of rather more than 20 feet from the 
surface the natural ground level was attained, consisting 
of a compact dark yellow gritty sand, overling gravel. 
Upon the surface of this sand the sculptured stone was 



•) I* Saga or Harald the Severe c. 112, Fornmanna Sogur 
M, p. 806; Bass Jutvardar Konungs hins helga c. 6, Annaler for 
nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1852, p. 30. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 9 

found; and to the North of it, a rude long hollow was 
scooped out, dipping from South to North at an angle 
of from 16° to 20°, containing the skeleton of a human 
being. The skull, with almost the whole of the bonis, 
was thrown into the new excavation, and reburied; but 
the femur and tibia of one leg, with the tibia of the other, 
fortunately preserved, are in my possession, and at the 
service of the British Museum. 

The stone slab itself is of a rather friable oolite, pro- 
bably Balh. The dimensions, when complete, were 1 foot 
10| inches wide by 2 feet 4£ inches long; 10^ inches 
of the lower part being buried in the soil; the thickness was 
4 inches at the upper, and 5 inches, at the lower, imbedded, 
and roughly finished end. The exact size of the sunk panel 
containing the sculpture is 18J inches by 13^ inches. 

The faces of the sculpture itself are flat, and come 
up to the general surface plane of the slab; the interstices 
are sunk out to a depth of barely ± of an inch, giving 
of course a relief to that amount. 

The only inscription is found on the left hand edge 
of the slab, and extends from the top to a little below the 
bottom of the sculpture panel. The characters , which are 
Runic, are deeply incised, and indicate great antiquity of 
execution for the relic. 

It may be remarked that although the Runjc inscription 
is considered incomplete by several English scholars — yet 
that no trace whatever of any farther writing is to be dis- 
cerned upon the slab — the finish and entire preservation 
of which lead to the certain inference that no additional 
inscription did at any time exist upon it. And as to the 
missing fragment — as has been already noticed — it must 
have been entirely rough, and buried out of sight. 

1 would direct attention moreover — as settling this 
doubt — to the terminal line upon the edge of the slab, 



10 A DANISH HUIHIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

which, being I continuation of the curved line on the face 
of the stone , appears to indicate a completion of the 
writing in that direction. 

It will be perceived that the slab is broken into 4 
fragments, a fifth was thrown into one of the concrete 
trenches, but its loss is unimportant, as all the lower 
portion of the stone is but roughly hewn in the very rudest 
manner, and was evidently inserted in the ground. The 
remainder of the slab is neatly squared. 

The edge of the slab displays by the method of ter- 
minating its tooled surface — (i. e. all of the stone which 
was not buried) — the angle of inclination at which this 
antique head-stone was pitched. This was of about 30 °; 
the sculptured panel and front face of the stone making an 
obtuse angle of nearly 60 ° with the ground-surface. 

The faces of the sculpture have been coloured with a 
uniform deep tone of an almost black blue, still very per- 
ceptible in the original; slight traces of red are also visible, 
but are possibly stains of iron oxide. 

The cast which accompanies this communication may 
be relied upon as a faithful transcript of so much of the 
interesting monument as it includes. The remainder will be 
clearly and sufficiently understood from the subjoined sketch. 

From The Illustrated London News vol. XXI, p. 157. 
"The extraordinary figure of the animal filling the panel will be 
understood by the drawing. I would call attention particul- 
arly to the horned head and spurred claws, the combination 
of which seems eminently fantastic. A smaller head on the 
model of the principal one will be observed towards the 
upper right hand of the panel. The meaning of the scrolls 
and details surrounding the main figure I am quite at a loss 
to conjecture. The whole composition looks very mytho- 
logic, or possibly heraldic." 

James T. Knowles, jun. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 11 

From the cast presented by Mr. Knowles we have made 
a draft of the Stone (tab. I) exhibiting a side view of it, 
so that the Runic inscription on the edge becomes plainly 
visible. As for the rest this draft shews the whole face of 
the stone as it was found, on a scale of */ 6 of its real 
size. Only the upper part of the front is sculptured with 
figures in basrelief, surrounded by a frame which in both 
the top corners is ornamented with Arabesques. 

The face of the stone exhibits the figure of a fantastic 
quadruped. The head with antlers backward bent has two 
tusks and a protruded tongue. The claws have a peculiar 
curvature. Fanciful volutes and flourishes are observed over the 
hinderpart of the animal and also across and between ils tail. 
A smaller Dragon figure is placed before the larger one, and 
its hinder part ending in a divided tail is coiled up between 
the crossed forelegs of the larger animal. 

Similar representations of animals we find on a great 
many Runic stones here in the North, engravings of which 
may be seen in Bautil n° 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 
758, 760, 956, 968, and with regard to the volutes, more 
particularly in n° 560, 649, 653, 660 etc. We recognise 
the same themes and the same taste as is exhibited in the 
Iellinge monuments, as well in the relics found in the 
tomb of Queen Thyre, chiefly consisting of curved work, 
as more especially on the tomb-stone of King Gorm, sur- 
named the Old. 

The Runic inscription is placed on the edge of the 
stone on the left, equalling in vertical extent the sculpture 
on the front, from which its completeness may be inferred. 
It is sculptured in two lines, divided by a transversal line, so 
that the latter line begins just below the last Rune of the first 
line, and we must turn round to the opposite side in order 
to read it aright. On ancient Greek monuments such inscrip- 
tions are said to be written (lovGzQOCffiddv. The subjoined 



12 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON* 



engraving shews the place and character of the inscription: 




Written with Latin letters the inscription reads as follows: 
KONA : LET : LEGIA : ST 

Uflni -MV :iSN3c| 'NI 

Kona: The first Runic letter is somewhat damaged, 
but it still can clearly be made out to be a K, in as 
much as the root of the oblique stroke is plainly visible: 
of the second Rune only the stem remains, but on the 
left-hand side of it a piece of the stone is broke off, so 
that it appears probable that an jj was sculptured there. 
An [\ it could not be, since the stroke or perpendicular 
line which is preserved, and which certainly is the hind- 
most part of the letter, goes up to the very edge of the 
inscription. Kona, which as a noun appellative denotes a 
woman or wife, might indeed, as Rana on a few Runic stones 
of Sweden (Liljogren's n° 431, 1317) be a woman's name; 
nevertheless I think it more probable that the h of the 
subsequent word here is to be redoubled in reading, so that 
the one f v thus is added to the preceding word, and we 
accordingly are to read the nameKoNAL, or rather Konall. 
It was, indeed, a rule, commonly observed in Runic inscrip- 
tions, not to put the same letter twice, or the one imme- 
diately after the other, but only once and then read it, 
according to circumstances, as if it had been put twice. 
Perhaps it may be supposed that it had been preferable 
to give the h to the name, and omit it in the subsequent 
verb let, the imperfect tense of lata; but the sculptor 
has probably considered the method, which he adopted, as 
the most distinct. As parallels we shall only mention the 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 13 

Vedyxe stone (L « 211, B * 404): KIM> • *MM .*W+M\ 
Yl\t>H YhMA, kuJ3 : hjalbi : hos alu kuj}s muj)ir, i.e. kuf> 
hjalbi hons salu uk kujjs mu{)ir; the Lofstad stone (X 141, 
B 477): K+RD+fc • +hK • htlfclK, Kar{>ar: auk: utirik 
i. e. Karjsar auk Kutirik; the Tiursaker stone (L 441, B 
99):M£|: <H\K : IKYIWTR, Sibi : auk: irmunlr, i. e. Sibi 
auk Kirmuntr; the Haringe stone (L 264): t>hfc&lf\K+ : 
+hK : +hTK, Purbiurn : auk: nutr, i. e. furbiurn auk 
Knutr; the Hogelby stone (L 816, B 685) : +ftK . IM>YIM>, 
auk: ujjinuj), i. e. auk KuJ.>mu|). 

legia: we have here indeed a Y fand not a F) but 
the cast will shew that that part of the stone which lay between 
the vertical stroke and the crane stroke is broke off, and 
in that part most probably a point or dot was inserted, 
whereby the breaking off of the piece of the stone might 
more easily be occasioned. When the Y is redoubled, we 
have leggja according to the usual Icelandic orthography. 

SUN instead of stein, the accusative case of steinn, a 
parsimonious Runic mode of spelling of frequent occurrence. 

j>ENSi, a form of the pronoun which also occurs very 
often instead of the accusative case penna of the norainat. 
pessi, e. g. on the Soderby stone (L 1356), the Larfs- 
stone (L 1390). 

auk: thus this conjunction is commonly spelt in Runic 
inscriptions. 

Tuki, a Northern man's name of frequent occurrence, 
more particularly in Denmark. 

This inscription accordingly will read as follows, when 
spelt in the usual Icelandic manner which in modern times 
has been employed for Old Danish: Kona'll let legcja stein 
I>ensi Qenna) ok Tuki i. e. Konal and Tuki caused this 
stone to be laid. 

i) J. G. Liljegien, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. s ) Bautil 
with notes by Goransson, Stockh. 1750, 



14 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

Konall is in Icelandic or Old -Northern man's name 
of Irish origin. u Oct Conaill", eight Conalls, were killed 
in the battle of Magh Hath in the year 637. The narrative 
of this battle is from the close of the 12th century. The 
Editor, Mr. O'Donovan, adds in a note: u Conall is still in 
use among a few families as the proper name of a man, 
but most generally as a surname, though it does not appear 
that the surname O'Connell is formed from it, that being 
an Anglicised form of the Irish O'ConghaiF. i The family 
ofConall are descendenls of Conall Gulban , who was a son 
of Niall of the Nine Hostages, monarch of Ireland in the 
fourth century. 3 One of the Saints which were worshipped 
on the Scottish isle of Arran was Saint Conall. 3 

In the ancient writings of the North, and more parti- 
cularly in those of Iceland, Kona'll is a name which fre- 
quently occurs. The Landnamabok alone mentions six 
persons of that name. 

The sons ofBerse or Brese, Thormod the Old and Ketil, 
set out from Ireland to Iceland, and took possession of the 
whole of Akranes, in the West part of Iceland, between 
Aurridaa and Kalmansa; they were Irishmen; Kalman who 
gave his name to the river was also an Irishman, and had 
formerly resided in Kalanes. Thormod was the father of 



J) See The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh 
Rath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, publish- 
ed by the Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin 1842, p. 290-291. 
2 ) Cinel Conaill, the race of Conall, is mentioned in "The Circuit 
of Ireland, by Muircheartach Mac Neill, Prince of Aileach; a poem, 
written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the 
north of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan," publ. by the Ir. Arch. 
Soc. Dublin 1841, p. 50. 3 ) See Chorographical description of 
Weil or H-Iar Connaught, by OTlaherty, edited by J. Hardiman, 
publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1846, p. 75. "Castle Connell" 
j<- mentioned in Jacobi Grace, Kilkennicnsis, Annates Hiberniae, ed. 
by the Rev. R. Butler, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1842, p. 83. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 15 

Rerse and Geirlang, who was married to Anund Breidskegg 
(Broad-beard) ; their son was the renowned Odd of Tunga. 
Kctil's son was Jorund surnamed the Christian ; he resided 
in Jorundarholt, subsequently named Gardar. Edna was 
Kelil Bersason's daughter, she was married to an Irish- 
man of the name of Konall; their son was Asolf Alskik; 
he emigrated to Iceland and landed in Osar in the Eastern 
Firths. He was thoroughly Christian and would have no in- 
tercourse with heathens, and not receive food from them. 
With eleven companions he set out from the East, and 
journeyed westward till he came to the residence ofThorgeir 
Bardarson from Hordaland (hinn hbrdski) at Holt at the foot 
of the mountains of Eyafjoll, and there they pitched their 
tent. There Asolf built himself a cabin fskali) at the foot 
of the mountains of Eyafjoll at the place which now is called 
the Easlermost Asolf's Cabin. The neighbours were curious 
to know what his nourishment might be, and they discovered 
a great many fishes in the cabin. A river ran close by 
Asolfs Cabin; at that time it was the beginning of winter; 
the river was immediately most plentifully stocked with fish. 
Thorgeir complained of Asolf making use of his fishery. 
Asolf then removed from thence and built himself an other 
cabin, which afterwards was, called the Middle Cabin, further 
West close to an other river, which was called Ika (i. e. 
Ira «, the river of the Irish) because they were Irishmen. 
As soon as they came to this river, it was immediately full 
of fish, and the people said they had never seen such a 
wonder; but now all fish had deserted the Eastern river. 
The inhabitants of the district then expelled Asolf from 
thence, and now he removed to the Westermost of the three 
cabins which he built, and still the result was the same. 
The country-people believed that Asolf and his companions 
must be wizards, although Thorgeir maintained that they 
were very good people. In the spring they departedj and 



16 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

journeyed westward to Akranes to Jiirund Asolf's relative. 
Jorund invited him to stay with him; but in as much as 
Asolf did not like to reside with other people, Jorund caused 
a house to be built for him at Innra-Holm; thither they 
brought him victuals, and there he remained as long as he 
lived. There he was also buried, and a church is now 
erected over his grave. lie was considered to be a very 
holy man, and legends are told concerning him 1 . 

The above named Kalman was ofHebridian origin; he 
emigrated to Iceland and landed in the Whale.irth (Hval- 
fiord) in the Western quarter of that country and first set- 
tled near Kalmansa; but subsequently he took land in pos- 
session to the West of Hvita (The white River) between 
that river and the river Fljot viz the whole of Kalmans- 
tiinga fthe Doab of Kalman), and there he made his do- 
mestic establishment. The brother of Kalman was called 
Kylan; his son was Kare who had a quarrel with Karle of 
Karlastad, a freed-man of Rolf of Geitland; the father of 
this Karle was called Konall and he, no doubt, was also 
an Irishman-. The name may doubtless be supposed to 
have been brought from Ireland to Iceland, where there 
were several owners of it, both during the time the occupa- 
tion of Iceland was going on, and subsequently. Thus the 
grandson of Olver Barnakarl was called Konall whose daugh- 
ter Alfdis from Barey married Olaf Feilan , a grandson of 
that celebrated settler lady Auda the Vastly -Wealthy , this 
Olaf being a son of her son Thorstein the Red, who had 
been king over a part of Scotland and was killed in a battle 
which he fought against the Scotch g . By the same name 
was also called a son of Ketil of Hordaland in Norway and 
the grandson of that Konall, or the son of his son Sokke 

') Landr:amab6k I, 15, Istendinga Sogur 1, p. 49-52. 2 ) Landn. 
Ill, I, Islcnd. Sogur 1, p. 64-65. 3 ) Landn. II, 19, V, 11, 
Islend. Sogur 1, p. 116, 309. 



A BANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 17 

was again named Konall. The founder of Ihe family, Ketil 
Thorsteinson, resided at Reykiadal in the Northland of Ice- 
land, where Natlfari, a Dane who in the year 803 had ac- 
companied the first discoverer of Iceland, Gardar Svavarson, 
had settled ten years before the Norwegian Ingolf came to 
that country, and had indicated his occupation of the district 
by marks on the trees; but he was expelled from thence by 
Einar, the brother of Kelill, and he was thus obliged to 
repair to another place, since called Nattfaravik £ the Bay of 
Naltfare) after his name, and settle there. The name Konall 
is thus found both in the Western Quarter and also in the 
Northland of Iceland , at the period of the occupation of 
that country, and in subsequent ages it has also there been 
preserved. In the very curious clergy list of 1143 which 
had been drawn up on account of an approaching election of 
a Bishop, and which contains the names of some distinguish- 
ed parsons who were natives of Iceland , we find in the 
Northland Biarne Conalsson 1 . In the account of the battle 
of Vidanes which in the year 1208 was fought by the 
Bishop Gudmund Arason against Rolbein Tumason , Konall 
Sockason is mentioned as one of the followers of the Bishop 
who fought with great bravery on his side, and, no doubt, 
judging from the names, which often were preserved in the 
families, he was a descendant of the aforementioned man 
of the same name 3 . In the account ofEyulf Thorsteinson's 
attack on Gissur Thorvaldson of Flugumyre 1253 the sons 
of Ragnhild Brynjuhall and Konall are mentioned among 
the comrades of Eyulf 3 . 

Also here in Scandinavia the name of Konall is found 
in earlier ages; thus it occurs in an inscription on a Runic 
stone in Upland, on the Trockhammar stone in the parish 



*) Isl. Sogur 1, p. 384 the facsimile tab. iij. 2 ) Sturliinga Saga 
II, p. 5, 6, 12. 3) sturl. Saga III, p. 184. 



18 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

of Ska. the district of Farentuna (L 35G, B 286): Kiu- 
l.ikr: lit : raisa: slain : iflir : kvih svain sin: Kunal (KIM^+h), 
which in the usual orthography would read as follows: 
Kjulakr let reisa stein eftir kviksvein sinn Kunal, i. e. Kjulak 
caused this stone to be erected after (i e. in memory of) 
his page Kunal. 

The name of Toki frequently occurred in ancient times 
in Denmark as well as in other parts of the North. Among 
the warriors of Harald Hildetonn in the battle of the Field 
of Bravcllir one Toki is mentioned in the Fragment of 
Skioldunga Saga *, and among the many whom Saxo com- 
mends as very distinguished in that battle, this same "Toki 
Jumensi provincia orlus" (probably from Jum or Jom in 
Pomerania) was one. Saxo as well as other historical 
authors, both at earlier and later periods mention several 
persons of this name. 

The same name does also very frequently occur in Runic 
inscriptions in Denmark as well as in Sweden, and in these 
it is some limes spelt 'MM, but most frequently quite as 
in the stone of London, TftKI, which in modern Danish 
has been transformed into Tyge (latinized Tycho). The 
variations ThKlR and fchHfc are more rare. We shall 
here only mention three Runic stones in Sweden where this 
name occurs. In the parish of Angarn, the district of 
Vallentuna, in Upland there is a stone (L 969, B 94) 
commemorative of one Tukir, who lost his life in Greece. 
In the parish of Hogby, district of Gostring, in East Goth- 
land we find a stone (L 1180, B 882), which a certain 
1'ukir (read Thookir) placed here in memory of his cousin 
Asur, who also died in Greece. On the Kaga stone, district 
of Hanekind, in East Gothland (L 1145, B 850) we read 



J j See the editions of this fragment (Sogubrof) by C. C. Rafn in 
Fomaldar Sogur NorSrlanda I, p. 379 and in AntiquitesRusses I, p. 79. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 19 

(he following inscription: Ru{)r : risli : stin : Jjansi : eftir : 
Tuki : brujjur : sin : sar : varf) : tribin : a : I lati : trikr : 
ar[>a : ku{)r, which in the usual way is spelt thus: Rutr risti 
stein J)enna eftir Tuka , brodur sinn , sa er vard drepinn a 
iKlanti (a Englandi or a EYlandi), drengr harola goor i. e. 
"Rutr (Hrutr) carved this stone after fi. e. in memory of) 
his brother Tuki, who was killed in England , being a right 
good gentleman." On the Runic stones of Denmark this 
name is still more frequent, and on these "ThM is the 
most common spelling. On the Hiarup stone, parish of 
Upakra, district of Bara, in Scania (L 1439, W 154) we 
read : u Nafni : risjji : stin : |>isi : iftir : Tuka : brojiur sin 
.... han : varJD : vistr : tupr : arf" i. e. "Nafni carved this 
stone after his brother Tuki ... he died in the Western countries, 
viz. in the British isles." In the churchwall of Hellestad, 
district of Torna, also in Scania, the name of Tuki occurs 
fTuka in Gen. and Accusat.) on three stones five limes 
(X 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172), and one of the persons 
named is called f[\KI KhRTh : MM*, Tuki Kurms sun i.e. 
Toke Gormsson. On the Bregninge stone, district of Musse, 
in Laaland (L 1490, W 262) two Tukes are mentioned. 
The Aars stone in the county of Aalborg has two inscrip- 
tions, (one being in the ancient metre called Forntjrdalag^ 
over the chieftain Valtoke, h+M^K'T" (accus.), a name which 
is formed from valr, a hawk or a battlefield, and Tuki, in 
the same way as Valbrandr, Valborg 2 . The Thordrup stone, 
district of Hundborg, county of Thisled (L 1507, W 293) 
mentions a certain Tuku 'NM'Tl (arcus.): the same name is, 
also in accus., spelt Tuko, ThK^, on the Falsberga stone, 
parish of Valby, district of Trogd in Upland. On the Til- 
lidse stone, the South district in Laaland (L 1609, W 

l ) 0. Worm, Monumenta Danica. s ) See the disquisition of 
Finn Magnusen in Antiqu. Tidsskrift 1843-45., p. 182-85, tab. V. 



20 A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

252-3), as also on Ihc Staby stone, parish of Oslmo in 
S5dermanland (X 834, B 673), the name of Toki, T^KI, 
occurs exactly as in the ancient Mss. and on a censer (T, 
I960) in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenha- 
gen we find Toke. Elsewhere Tuki is common. That 
TI\K| hYI&fc, Tuki smith, which is mentioned on the Runic 
stone near the churchdoor at Grendsleen ; county of Viborg, 
(L 1513, W 313) may possibly be the same person as he 
from whom we have a lately discovered Runic stone found 
in the field of Horning, county of Skanderborg, where we 
read: Tuki: smijjr : ri|) : slin : ift : furgisl : KuJ>mutar ; 
sun: is: hanum : kaf: ku}) : uk : frialsi ; spelt in the or- 
dinary way it runs thus : Toki smidr reit stein eftir Por- 
gisl Gudmundarson, er honum gaf gu6 ok frjalsu: i. e. 
Toke the smith carved the Runes on the stone after Thor- 
gils Gudmundson who gave him god (converted him to 
Christianity) and liberty. Besides those monuments which 
already for some time have been pretty well known, the 
name of ThM also occurs an two monumental stones lately 
found, the one in the village of Gylling, near the town of 
Horscns, the other in the field ofFiellerad, parish ofGun- 
derup, county of Aalborg. 

However, among the Danish Tokes the most remark- 
able in history are those of the renowned Fionian fami- 
ly *. Toki a Fj6ni, Toke of Funen, had by his wife Thor- 
vor two sons Aki (mod. Dan. Aage) who was killed by 
the warriors of Harald Blatonn (Blue-Tooth) because the 
king was jealous of his power, and Palner or Paine. Palne's 
son was the renowned Palnatoke of Funen, one of the 
mightiest men of Denmark at that period. About the year 
950 he made an expedition to England, and arrived as far as 
Bretland (Britain) or Wales, where he married Olof, a daughter 

'J See Jtfmsvfkfnga Saga c. 14 sq., Fornmanna Stigur 1 J, p. 43 sq. 



A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 21 

of the Earl Stefner; he thereby obtained the title of an Earl, 
and one half of the dominions of the Earl Stefner, the 
government of which he committed into the hands of Biorn 
surnamed the Briton, who was a fosterbrother to Olof, and 
by his counsels had promoted the marriage. By this wife 
he had a son called Aki, who was a fosterbrother to Svein 
Tiuguskegg (Double-Beard), the son of King Harald, whom 
Palnatoke supported in his rebellion against his father. 
Palnatoke paid frequent visits to his father-in-law in Bri- 
tain; but for a long time he had his chief residence in 
Denmark. After the death of Styrbiorn he became chief of 
Iomsborg and a lawgiver to the Iomsvikings (i. e. the loms- 
borg Warriors). Having in the year 985 killed Harald Blue- 
Toolh, and after Svein Double-Beard (or Split-Beard) was 
proclaimed king, he returned to Britain, where his father- 
in-law was dead, and he now took his dominions into his 
possession. When, accompanied by Biorn the Briton, at 
the invitation of Svein Double-Beard, he was present at the 
arval which this king in the year 988 made in memory of 
his father, one half af Palnaloke's suite were Danes and (he 
other half Britons. At this arval Palnatoke publicly pro- 
claimed himself to be the slayer of king Harald, and then 
he immediately returned to Britain, and after the death of 
Olof he in several summer seasons made war on Scotland 
and Ireland. His grandson, the youthful Vagn Akason, was 
received in the company of the Iomsvikings, and fought along 
with them in the battle of Hidrungavag, in the year 995, 
where he was taken prisoner, but his life spared. He had 
a son called Aki who died as a chieftain in Bornholm in 
1020; the last mentioned had a son called Vagn who died 
about the year 1050, and his son Aki who also was a chief 
in Bornholm died in the year 1080. 

Count Pallig or Paling, which no doubt means Palne^ 
who had married Harald Blue-Tooth's daughter Gunnhild, 



4 2'3 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

came from Denmark to England, where he with his wife 
embraced Christianity. He supported sometimes the one and 
some times the other of the parlies at that time contending 
in England. King Ethel red made him a large present of landed 
properly and of gold and silver, but as the king haled all 
Danes that were in the country, Paine was prevailed upon 
to support the parly of his countrymen. King Ethelred's 
order, issued to the different provinces of England, of putting 
to death all Danes residing there, without any respect to 
rank, age or sex, was executed in the frightful massacre on 
the day of St. Bricrius the 14th Nov. 1002. Amongst those 
who were slain on this occasion was also the count Paine, 
his spouse Gunnhild and their son, being slill of tender age. 
This Paine, most likely was a son of Palnatoke, to whom 
he had given his father's name, and Suhm is also of this 
opinion 1 . The name, the matrimonial connection, and 
the great respect paid to this man immediately on his arrival 
in England, seem to support this supposition, and he, or 
his brother, can scarcely have omitted, in compliance wilh 
the general custom of the age, to give to one of his sons 
the name of his renowned parent. That such a Toke is 
not mentioned in our Northern Mss., may naturally enough 
be accounted for by the circumstance, that he has been 
educated in England, and, grown up to man's estate, resided 
there. If we now suppose such a Toke to have been born 
in 990, and a son of him (called by the name of Aki, 
which frequently occurs in the family) 30 years later, viz 
in 1020, the father would in the year 1050 be 60 years 
old, and the son 30 years. 

Of such a date, or at all events from one of the years 
104G-10G0 is a deed of gift of the Bishop Ealdred (Wi- 
gornensis Ecclesiae Episcopus) to the friars of the church 

*J Hislorie af Danmark 3 p. 337, 350-351. 



A DANISH BUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 23 

of St. Mary at Worcester (Uuigornaceastre) by which he 
gives to the said church a landed estate (rus) called Deo- 
linctun, together with a village belonging to it called #llf- 
sigestun. This estate had, for his life-time, been in the 
possession of the king's very mighty and wealthy courtier 
(praepotens et dives minister regis) Toke, who had enjoyed 
it free of all taxes, excepting such as were payable to the 
crown, but before his death he had by testament given 
it to the Bishop on account of the friendship established 
between them and for the peace of his own soul; but his 
son Akf\ a mighty man and also a king's-courtier, wished 
to set aside his father's testament as invalid, and he claimed 
the estate as belonging to him by right of succession. However, 
when the King and the Earl Leofric and the principal men 
of the province sanctioned the gift by their approbation and 
consent, Aki, on receiving a compensation of 8 marks of 
fine gold, made it over to the Bishop, free of his own and 
every other claim, which might be founded on a right of 
succession, and by a written deed confirmed by witnesses, 
it was settled that the Bishop might without let or hin- 
drance give or sell the estate to whom-soever he pleased. 
This remarkable deed is signed by King Edward and the 
Queen Eadgid, by the Bishop Ealdred himself, by the 
chieftains Leofric, iElfgar and Odda, and by the courtiers 
Owine, Wagen, Berthric iElfgarson, Atsor and Osgod. Of 
the witnesses here mentioned Wagen (i. e. Vagn) probably 
was of the same kindred, and, as well as Odda, Adzer 
(OzurJ and Asgaut, of Danish descent. 

It doubtless is the same Toki, as the one here men- 
tioned, whose name also occurs in other deeds from the 
age immediately preceding, e. g. in a document of Canute 
the Great from the year 1019., where he is called Toga 
minister; in another of the same king from the year 1033, 
where he is stiled Tokig miles; in another by the Bishop 



24 A DANISH RUISIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

iEdelnod of 1033, who calls him Tokig-, in another of Hardi- 
canutc 1042, who stiles him Tokig miles; in another by 
Edweard 1042: Tokg minister, and in one of Edweard 1043: 
Dokig minister. Three sons of Toke, (no doubt the same 
as the one we here have before us), named Care (Kdrf), 
Ulf and Askylj are mentioned in deeds from the years 1046 
and 1060 3 . We accordingly here have a Toke of that 
period which reasonably may be ascribed to the Runic stone 
found in London, and it is by no means unlikely that it 
is he and no other person, who is mentioned in the 
inscription. 

The dotted Runes which are used in this inscription, 
as the I, which occurs three times, and the K, which in all 
likelihood is so to be read in the third word , mark a some- 
what later period than that, to which the oldest Runic 
inscriptions belong that have been preserved, and this tallies 
well with the period here alluded to. 

A peculiarity in these Runes are also the dots or points 
made on the transversal strokes. Exactly the same we 
find on one of the Sionhem stones in Gothland (L 1592) 
according to a drawing lately made by Mr. P. A. Save and 
kindly communicated to me by his brother, Mr. Charles 
Save, and this inscription, which mentions a man who had 
been killed in Walachia, may probably also be supposed 
to have been made in the same century. On these Sionhem 
stones we also find figures of serpents and flourishes res- 
embling those which we observe on and round about the 
beasts sculptured on the stone of London. As afore ob- 
served, similar designs are found on the monumental stone 



*) See Codex diplomatics aevi Saxonici; opera Johannis M. 
Kemble, Londini t.I.V, 1846, p. 75, 138—139,141-143; t. VI, 1848 
p. 194, 195, 197. Cfr. The Saxon Chronicle ed. John Ingram 
p. 284—285 an. 1079: Tokig Wiggodes sun. 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 25 

of Gorm the Old near Jellinge which is quite proper to be 
exhibited for the sake of comparison. 

In England public attention was first drawn to this 
monument through a communication with a xylographic 
illustration made by Mr. Knowles jun. to the Illustrated 
London News Aug. 28, 1852 (vol. XXI p. 157) wherein he 
mentions that he intended to have a cast made of the stone 
destined for the London Society of Antiquaries, "conceiving' 1 
as he expresses it "that a double interest attaches to na- 
tional monuments of an archaic age, when discovered in 
the most ancient parts of our metropolis." From a Report 
of this Society we see that Mr. Knowles's communication 
was delivered to the Society at their meeting Thursday the 
20 January 1853 and that a Fellow of the Society, W. D. 
Sawl Esq., accompanied it by some remarks on the subject- 
matter of the Runic inscription. He had written letters 
about it to two friends in Lancashire who very well under- 
stood the characters and language of the inscription: both 
of them agreed in reading the first word INA. 

Apparently the Society of Antiquaries of London had 
not observed, that the Copenhagen Correspondent of the 
Morning Chronicle as early as the 18th of Sept. 1852 had 
made some observations on the stone and its inscription, 
which with the exception of the first name offers no diffi- 
culty at all. He founded his remarks on the communica- 
tion in the Illustr. London News. The first name he, from 
the first drawing, read EINA, supposing it perhaps might 
mean the well known Northern name EINAR. We shall 
of his remarks here insert the following for the satisfac- 
tion of our readers: 

"This invaluable antiquity is a Northern Rune-stone, 
probably Danish, raised over the grave of some chieftain. 
The fantastic dragon-figure resembles some on other Scan- 
dinavian monuments, and is strikingly like the forms recur- 



2G A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

ring on many of the ancient gold bracteates occasionally 
found in the northern countries. 

u This monument is unique in its kind, the only Danish 
Rune-stone known to exist in England, and owes its pre- 
servation to its long inhumation. The stile of the Runes etc., 
shows that it is not of the very earliest class, and still less 
of the very latest. I should be inclined to place it in the 
tenth or eleventh century. Perhaps further diggings would 
have brought out similar treasures, or at least the contents 
of the tomb itself. It is to be hoped that the original 
will immediately be presented to our noble national Museum, 
where it will worthily commence the series of inscribed 
British grave-monuments. The Danish must have been a 
powerful element in our old English race, when its chiefs 
could lie in our metropolis unharmed, and with their native 
memorials about them. There is nothing in the stone which 
would lead us to suppose the deceased or his friends to 
have been Christians. Should the British Museum be refused 
this magnificent memorial, which I cannot bring myself to 
believe, it should at least secure a perfect cast, before the 
surface is injured by accident or the action of the air." 

The hope here expressed by the correspondent seems 
not to have been fulfilled, in as much as a Report of the 
meeting of the Archaeological Institute on the 4lh February 1853 
states that an "application had been made in vain to ob- 
tain this remarkable relic for the British Museum; the pre- 
sent possessor having resolved to have it fixed up in his 
warehouse, an object of attraction, probably, to customers.'' 

As to the above remark, that "there is nothing on 
the stone which would lead us to suppose the deceased or 
his friends to have been Christians", it is with regard to 
the sculptured figures perfectly just; but here we ought at 
the same time to observe that the same taste which pre- 
vailed in the North during the last period of paganism was 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 27 

preserved during the earliest times after the introduction 
of Christianity, as may be proved by numerous relics and 
even by some that had been made use of in divine service. 
But as to the inscription on the contrary the matter stands 
somewhat differently, in as much as we are entitled to 
suppose that the use of the dotted Runes mark a period, 
in which Christianity was propagated in the North, or at 
least the Latin alphabet known in these parts. 

From the above observations it will appear, that it is 
owing to the interest evinced by Mr. Knowles for Northern 
Archaeology that not only the London Society of Antiquaries, 
but also our Society here in Copenhagen have obtained 
very accurate casts of this Dano- British monument. 

A few remarks on this Runic Stone by Mr. Thorleif 
Gudm. Repp, a Fellow of our Society, we here insert, 
supposing them to be of some interest on account of 
the additional illustration, which they afford of the matter 
in question. 

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE END AND OBJECT OF 
THE LONDON RUNIC STONE. 

The Runic Inscription on this stone is very clear and 
distinct excepting only the two first letters , the stone being 
broken in this place. At the out-set i. e. as long as I had 
nothing to found an opinion upon except the drawing in 
the Illustr. Lond. News, I was indeed inclined to sup- 
pose that the reading of the Correspondent of the Morn. 
Chron. mighty even with regard to these two letters, be 
correct, although the circumstance that the name of Eina, 
which scarcely will be found in any Northern or Celtic 
language, certainly is not favourable to it; but now I think 
it may be considered as certain, that Charles C. Rafn has, 
by means of the cast, which of course is more accurate than 
the drawing, discovered the right reading, viz. RONA : LET: 



28 A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 

etc., which owing to the well known niggardliness in letters 
prevailing in Runic inscriptions, must be understood as if 
there had been written KONAL or even KONALL : LET : etc. 
No kind of doubt can be entertained about any of the other 
letters, not even about the Runic letters I in the word 
bE!\si although the stone seems to be a little damaged 
in this place. 

As the Inscription contains a complete sentence or 
proposition , so it also manifestly is quite entire, and there 
is no part of it missing: It begins at the limit of the 
stone's sculptured part, and the reverting line almost reaches 
the same limit again. There is not room for a word more 
nor for a third line. 

Mr. Knowles's assertion : that the Inscription is entire, 
is fully proved. 

But concise, and clear, and even entire as our In- 
scription is, it materially differs as to its stile from all 
Runic inscriptions hitherto known. Its place and posture 
render it in the highest degree probable that it is in some 
way or other monumental, and the human skeleton found 
to the North of it still further confirms such a supposi- 
tion ; yet the person whose memory it was to preserve is 
not at all mentioned or in any way alluded to. This is 
as much contrary to custom as it would indeed be contrary 
to reason , if we suppose that this was the only inscription 
exhibited on this tomb. The ordinary stile of Runic tomb- 
inscriptions is quite simple and has in the most essential 
part of the inscription but few variations. It generally 
runs as follows: U N. raised this stone after (i. e. in 
memory of) N.'', and if it is a Christian monument the 
prayer: l4 God help his soul!" is commonly added. In 
every case the name of the person entombed is mentioned, 
and this seems to be so rational , that we cannot easily 
conceive how it ever could be omitted; such an omission 



A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 29 

would make what was intended to be a monument, no 
monument at all. 

The word lekia — which means leggia, to lay — is 
also unusual, though I shall not venture to say that it is 
an ancC% AsySfisvov in Runic tomb -literature: one thing 
however is quite clear viz. that if this verb "lay" is supposed 
to refer to that self same stone, which bears the inscription, 
it would be quite inappropriate, as appears from the sloping 
posture of the stone described by Mr. Knowles. Our an- 
cestors would not have said that such a stone was laid, 
but rather raised. 

If in spite of such improbabilities as we here have 
hinted at, we still were determined to consider this stone 
with its inscription as an independent monument, we would 
have to suppose that Konall and Tuki (or may be, Tuki 
and his wife — although this would be very quaint) in their 
life time caused the stone to be laid or raised to mark a 
burying ground which they had appropriated to themselves. 
But such a supposition is the more improbable since the 
inscription, such as we find it, would be insufficient for 
such a purpose. Besides it would be difficult to shew 
in ancient times any example of a similar description. 

Autopsy often suggests correct notions, which do not 
so readily present themselves to the minds of persons placed 
at a great distance. Autopsy has clearly suggested to Mr. 
Knowles the idea of calling this stone a head stone; and 
here we probably have the clue to the true history of the 
same. It is not at all uncommon, at the present day, neither 
in England nor in other countries to place a white marble 
slab at the head of the grave, on which some short inscrip- 
tion is ingraven, and this being put up in a slanting po- 
sture, is called a head stone; but then there generally is 
a tomb-stone beside, which is placed horizontally on the 
top of the grave and covers its whole length. On this 



30 A DAMSH RUNIC STOKE FOUND IN LONDON. 

tomb-stone the real epitaph, the dale of the deceased one's birth 
and death etc. are ingraven. But on the white slab there 
often is sculptured a rhymed verse, and some-times averse 
from the Bible. The object of this head-stone clearly is 
to draw attention to the tomb, lest passengers should pass 
by it without noticing it. It is highly probable that this 
is a very ancient custom in Christian church-yards, and 
that head-stones in London perhaps may be a thousand 
years old or upwards. The white marble slab, of course, 
is of more modern date, but the slanting posture of the 
ancient head-stone and the sculpture on the face of it, 
probably was deemed sufficient to mark it out for attention. 
Here thus we most likely have the true explanation 
of the origin of this stone. It merely is a head -stone and 
the verb lay refers to the horizontal tomb -stone below, 
which in the course of eight centuries most likely has been 
broken into many pieces, and then mouldered to atoms. 
The position of the inscription on this head-stone, moreover, 
shews that it was considered to be of a subordinate interest. 
It is most unobtrusively placed on the edge of the stone, 
and not very easily observed except on closer inspection. 
No doubt, those who erected the monument in the first place 
wished to draw public attention to the epitaph on the tomb- 
stone of their friend, and in the second place to record in 
a manner as modest (we might almost say, as concealed), 
as possible their own merit in causing the tomb-stone to be 
laid. This supposition, I believe, may satisfactorily account 
for the end and object of the London Runic stone. 

Thorl. Gudm. Repp. 



From the paper here inserted it will appear that Mr. Repp 
as well as also the Correspondent of the Morning Chronicle 
at Copenhagen coincide with me in the opinion^ which the 



A DAMSH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 31 

sculpture on the stone and a careful examination of the 
Inscription both with regard to palaeography and language 
have led me to, viz. that we here have a Danish monument 
from the 11th century, or perhaps, more precisely from 
the time of Canute the Great. 

The ground of this opinion however will gain both 
ampler solidity and clearness by a comparison with an ana- 
logous Danish monument, the age of which may be deter- 
mined with tolerable certainty, and with other Danish 
inscriptions of the same class. In the Society's "Annaler 
for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Hislorie" for the year 1852 
I have communicated some observations on the tomb-stones 
of King Gorm the Old and of his Queen Thyre Danabot 
at Jellinge, and in the Society's Archaeological Journal i; An- 
tiquarisk Tidsskrift 1852-1854" on some other Runic stones 
of the same age. Referring those who seek a more precise 
information on the subject to those papers, I shall here 
confine myself to a short abstract of them. 

The modern village of Jellinge, situate about seven 
miles to the North of Yeile in Jutland, is one of those 
places which are very early mentioned in the ancient writ- 
ings. Frode, the son of Fridleif, commenced his reign in 
Denmark at the time when the Emperor Augustus establish- 
ed peace all over the world: then Christ was born. But 
Frode being the most mighty and puissant of all kings in 
the Northern countries ("# Nordrlbndum^ the peace was, 
as far as the Danish tongue was spoken, named after him, 
and the Northmen call it Frode's peace. * No one did then 
any injury to another, nor was there in those days any 
thief or robber, so that a gold-ring lay many years untouched 
on the high-road of Jalangr's heath. Later, viz. in the 2d 



*) Snorra Edda, skaldskaparmal, c. 43, ed. Arna-Magn. 1, p. 
374-376$ Fornmanna Sogur 11, p, 413. 



32 THE RUMC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 

century, King Vermund, the son of Frode, lived at the manor 
of Jalang. l 

In the historical age Jalang still was a royal manor; 
at the close of the 9lh century and during the former half 
of the 10th King Gorm the Old who first united the Danish 
states under one sceptre, resided here, and with him his 
no less illustrious Queen Thyre, who obtained the significant 
cognomination of Danabot i. e. Danes' boot, or blessing, 
because she by her foresight and good advice saved the 
country in years of scarcity. Here also after their death 
both of them were entombed, or rather incairned accord- 
ing to the heathen rile; for Christianity was first introduced 
during the reign of their son Harald Blue-Tooth. The two 
cairns, which are of unusual dimensions, corresponding to 
the rank of the persons over whom they are erected, are 
still speaking witnesses of yon distant age. They are si- 
tuate on each side the church of Jellinge: Gorm's cairn on 
the south of the church -yard, and that of Thyre to the 
north of it. 

Some works executed in the year 1820 occasioned a 
closer examination of the Queen's cairn, which led to very 
interesting antiquarian discoveries. The diameter of the 
cairn was found to be 180 feet; in the middle of it was 
found a grave -chamber built of wood, whose length was 
21 f. 6 inch., the breadth every-where fully 8 feet and the 
height 4 f. 6 inch. The side-walls were made of oaken 
planks, the ceiling of round oaken stems of varying thick- 
ness, on which the bark partly still remains, and below 
was a lining of ploughed oaken boards. Behind the side- 
walls and also below the floor some stamped clayey 
mould was observed. The floor is made of oaken boards 
of the thickness of one inch. The inner part of the grave- 

i) Saxonis Hist. Dan. ed. P. E. Miiller p. 163. 



THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 33 

chamber where the boards lie length -ways, is divided 
exactly in the middle, by means of an oaken plank raised 
on its edge. Thus it seems that the grave chamber was 
destined to receive two coffins, which were to be placed 
the one beside the other. It was manifest that the chamber 
had been opened at some earlier period. There was, how- 
ever found a chest resembling a round trunk almost entirely 
consumed by rottenness; this was supposed to have been an 
outer coffin, and nothing was found in it. Further there 
was found a silver beaker, two inches high, lined with 
gold on the inner side, and on the outer side decorated 
with dragon coils inlaid with gold; two figures of birds 
made of copper, covered with thin plates of gold; two 
ornaments of thin copper-plates cut through, with a cross 
in the middle whose limbs were of equal length; the plates 
had been gilt on the outside; several things of wood and 
among these some carved objects in the same taste as the 
spiral ornaments on the stone of Gorm, which will be men- 
tioned hereafter: these wooden things are painted in black 
dusky brown and yellow oil colours *. 

On the two cairns there formerly stood the two monu- 
mental stones, which we here shall consider more atten- 
tively, and which now, for the purpose of being more 
securely preserved, have been brought over to the church- 
yard. According to the inscription on the tomb-stone of 
the Queen, her cairn must under Gorm's direction have been 
built during her lifetime, and the stone even placed thereon 
for the honour of the Queen, and as a memorial of her in 
time to come, since, according to historical writings, she 
survived her husband by some years. It is supposed that 
he died, aged nearly a hundred years, in the year 935, 
and she, aged seventy years, four years later, viz. in 939. 
That King Gorm, as many similar examples are to be found 
x 3 See Antiquariske Annaler IV 1 p. 64 sq. 



34 THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 

in ancient as well as modern times, has caused the grave 
chamber and cairn to be erected in the queen's life-time, 
will appear to be the more likely, when we consider the 
high old age which he attained. 

Olaus Worm has in the Monumenta Danica ed. 1643 
(p. 331 — 341) exhibited drawings of both the stones, and 
added an interpretation of the inscription, which however 
stood in need of further correction, towards which the 
draft executed by S. Abildgaard in 1771, and the copy sub- 
sequently made in 1811 by M. F. Arendt may be con- 
sidered as valuable contributions. Finn Magnuson who in 
the year 1821 visited the place in person, and examined 
the inscriptions, has in "Antiquariske Annaler" L communi- 
cated very valuable information respecting them, and also 
rcspecling two others which have a reference to these monu- 
ments; and E. Rask who at a subsequent period (July 1823) 
also personally inspected the inscriptions, added some fur- 
ther remarks on the same. This apparatus supplies us 
with an excellent guidance. I have also made use of the 
beautiful drawings executed on a large scale by Adam Miillcr, 
which are intended to embellish that edition of Saxo which 
was prepared by his father P. E. Miiller, late Bishop of 
Sealand. These drawings were kindly lent to me by Prof. 
Vclschow, who has undertaken the completion of this 
edition. Besides I have, in order, if possible, to complete 
the interpretation of the Inscription, corresponded with the 
parson of the place The Rev. Charles E. Kemp, who has 
compared the copy, which had been made, with the In- 
scriptions themselves, and endeavoured, guided by the hints 
which I in the course of our correspondence communicated 
to him, to discover some of the traits, which had been 
omitted in the draft. His communications have supplied 
materials to a fuller information respecting these monuments. 
») IV 1 p. 100-123, 267-271. 






T1IE RUNIC TOMB-STOKES AF JELLIIVGE IN JUTLAND. 35 

THE TOMB-STONE OF THYRE DANABOOT 
AT JELLINGE. 

Thyre Danaboot was according to Icelandic authors 
a daughter of Klack-Harald, who was an Earl over Jutland * 
or Holstein 2 , but in all probability more particularly over 
Angein. But Saxo, on the contrary, says that she was a 
daughter of the English King Ethelred QAnglorum regis 
Edelradi fiUci). P. F. Suhm has endeavoured to reconcile 
these statements, by supposing her father IJarald to have 
been a son of Gurmund or Gulhrum, a Danish king in East- 
Anglia, whereby the English descent of Thyre would be 
established 3 . Ancient historical records agree in praising 
her excellent qualities, her beauty, her prudence, and ma- 
sculine firmness. Svein Akason's description of these 4 com- 
pletely agrees with the statements of the Icelanders. Saxo 
calls her in his quaint language: u Danue majcstatis caput 11 
and Svein Akason u regni dccusf or u decus Dacicp." 
The annals call her by that name, by which she still is 
most commonly distinguished, Danabot, the Improver of the 
Danes, as her oldest son Canute obtained the cognomina- 
tion of ^Dana-dst" the Danes' Love. But again in the 
Icelandic Sagas, as well with Snorre, as in the Saga of 
Olaf Tryggvason and in the Jomsvikinga Saga she bears 
the same cognomination as on the tomb-stone of Jellinge 
^Danmarkarbot" i. e. The boot OV improvement of Denmark. 

The tomb-stone of Thyre Danaboot is of granite, 5 feet 
in height and 3 in breadth. The foremost side being flat 

x ) Fornmanna Sogur 1 , p 2, 115 — 116. 2 ) Jomsvikinga Saga 
c. 2, Fornm. S. 11 p. 3-8. — 3 ) Kistorie af Danmark 2 p. 438. 
More probable it is that the father's name, with Saxo, has arisen 
from a misunderstanding of the word Angli, which he has under- 
stood as if it meant Englishmen instead of Angles (in South Jut- 
land). This mistake of the word's meaning has been the cause o 
Edelradi being substituted for Haraldi. 4 ) Svea Agg. hist. reg. 
Daniae. Langebek, Script, rer. Dan. 1 p. 23. 



36 



THE TOMB-STONE OF THYRE DANABOOT AT JELLIWCE. 



has Ihrce Runic lines, the other is convex, and has, as it 
were, three surfaces, and on the middle one of these we 
find the conclusion of the Inscription, being one line in a 
broad frame. 

The drafts here subjoined exhibit the Inscription com- 
plete on both sides 1 : 




Written in Latin uncial letters this Inscription has the 
following appearance: 
KURMR : KUNUKR : KARl>l : KUBL : t>AUSI : AFT: 

t>URVI : KUNU : SINA : TANMARKAR : BUT, 

which exhibited in the usual Icelandic orthography would 
read as follows: u Gormr koniingr gerdi kumbl j)elta (jjessi) 
eftir fcyri, konu sfna, Danmarkar bol" i. e. King Gorm 
made this cairn in memory of Thyre Denmark's boot, his wife. 



*) On the foremost side some traits are now damaged. Such a 
damage did not exist in Worm's time, whose drawing gives these 
Runes quite entire. 



THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 37 

THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 

King Gorm's tomb -stone is also made of granite; its 
basis forms a triangle; and the breadth of the one side, 
containing the chief part of the inscription, has at its base 
a breadth of 8 feet 10 inches; the other, exhibiting a fan- 
tastic figure of an animal, is 5 f. 2 inch, broad; and the 
third containing an image of Christ 5J f., the entire stone 
accordingly has a periphery of 19 feet at the bottom. The 
stone, the height of which above the ground is 8 f. 2 i. 
tapers towards the top after the manner of a pyramid. 

On the first side we find the greatest part of the In- 
scription in four lines, which are separated from each 
other by double horizontal strokes, and at the ends of 
the lines these are transformed into flourishes, which are 
continued even above the inscription. The draft exhibited 
here in the text shews this side of the stone, together 
with the chief part of the inscription which is continued 
and completed on the other two sides. 

On the second side, whereof a draft is exhibited here 
tab. II, we see a fantastical quadruped, which has some 
resemblance to that which is represented on the London 
monument, although the claws of the latter, in other re- 
spects similar, are somewhat better executed. It has like 
the London animal a protruding sideward bent tongue with 
antlers raised on high. The tail is at the end divided into 
four branches: about the neck and body and tail of the 
beast there is twisted a complete figure of a serpent with 
head and tail. 

The second side is separated from the third by a kind 
of a double Gothic column, which is formed of two twist- 
ings. These further develop themselves in continuous wind- 
ings and twistings, which serve as a frame for the sculp- 
ture exhibited on the two sides. Below this frame the 



38 THE TOMB-STO.XE OF CORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 

Inscription is continued in one line on the second side and 
it also concludes by one line on the third. 

On the third side, of which a drawing is exhibited 
lab. IIF, there is represented a bearded figure of a man, 
with a cruciform glory round his head. This unquestion- 
ably is an image of Christ; the open arms seem not to be 
extended but only indicative. The image is dressed in a 
close fitted short tunic, and the legs seem to be uncovered. 
Twistings which resemble the twislings of a serpent, al- 
though here no serpent's head is visible, surround the figure 
on all sides and inclose the body as well as the arms. 

The taste in which these representations are executed 
is the very same that prevails in the several objects found 
in the tomb of the Queen Thyre. The execution of these 
monumental stones thereby indicates the same age as that 
in which the funeral exequies were performed. 

The inscription on the first side has by earlier inquirers 
been almost quite satisfactorily explained. 

The words (\H or) lih KJsA in the fourth line have 
been subject to a variety of interpretations. Finn Magnuson, 
with whom Rask seems to have agreed, makes h^-k, sor, 
an imperfect tense of sverja : who swore, viz. who made 
an oath that he would introduce Christianity into the country. 
N. M. Petersen l supposes that this word must be s.ER, 
ser, sibi; and P. A. Munch 3 that as is the verb w, er 
and not the relative pronoun. The mode of expression in 
these various interpretations does not however appear to 
me to be very probable. When we consider the first letter I, 
we are led to believe that in this place there is an error 
in the carving, so that we here ought to read +H; this 
probably has occasioned that the Rune- carver, for making 



*) Danmarks Historie i Hcrienold, 2, p. 153. 2 ) Kortfattet Frem- 
slilling af den aeldste nordiske Runcskrift, p. 38. 









THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 39 

the sense more plain, repeated the relative, and added 
h^/k, sar, viz set er. 

The inscription in the line below the animal figure on 
the second side has been read before, and is subject to no doubt. 

But of the concluding line on the third side below the 
human figure only the first word, the first letter of 
the second word, and the last word have been exhibited; 
of the 8 or 9 Runes in the middle only some faint traces 
were observed, which however did not afford any basis for 
a true reading. 

Our first Runoldgist, and after him our first Northern 
Linguist, have, as afore observed, made the monument itself 
a subject of a careful examination; but neither of them 
ventured to fill up the blank, and, as far as I know, nobody 
else either before or after them. An experiment therefore 
to find out what there must have been carved was likely to 
turn out very hazardous, and to afford but a small hope 
of a satisfactory result. At the same time it appeared to 
me, more particularly since this monument is one of the 
most important in Denmark, that this inscription ought 
not to be exhibited without making a new attempt. Erudi- 
tion and acumen in interpreting a difficult text, is not 
always combined with an eye that is capable of discerning 
half worn and antiquated tracings; add to this that by a 
continual and often repeated survey of such an inscription 
which is almost half effaced, in a variety of light, not 
only when the light of the sun falls upon it, but also after 
sunset, we may possibly have the satisfaction to discern 
a few before undiscovered traces. In this respect mouldering 
lapidary inscriptions resemble the bleached and worn out 
writing in membranes and in old paper volumes, where, by 
frequently repeated attempts, we sometimes can read much 
even with certainty, which at first was deemed entirely illegible. 

Following this rule I desired the Rev. Charles E. Kemp 
1845-1849. 21 



40 THE TOMB-STONE OF CORM THE OLD AT JELLIINGE. 

lo make repeated attempts at discovering some traces. With 
the greatest readiness he afforded me this very important 
assistance, which I greatly appreciate. He surveyed the 
inscription at different hours of the day, and in different 
light, also after sunset, and then he communicated to me 
such traits as he imagined he had discovered with certainty. 
Before I had not ventured on any conjecture, but supposing 
that the second word, which with certainty could be dis- 
cerned to begin with a T, must be a verb, I next requested 
him to examine whether this word might not be TI\K; I 
supposed that the word must be tok in case it could not 
be read NT (^0* H e described very exactly every visible 
trace, and made it manifest that this conjecture could not 
be right, and I was since, by the drawing and descriptions 
of the traces, led to another interpretation. 

The inscription of this line was partly seen and partly 
faintly discerned to be as follows : 

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 

'After these statements it does not appear to be a very 
hazardous conjecture to fill up the places 10 — 12 by VY\ 
and to read the whole line thus: 

AUK : TANAFULK : AT : KRISTNO 
If we suppose that kristno is the pres. tense infin. of 
the verb , we are led to an interpretation , which in, my 
opinion seems probable. This supposition is strengthened 
by the circumstance that such an infinitive actually occurs 
in another Runic inscription, viz on the Froso stone in 
Jaemteland (L 1085, B 1112, W 522), where it is stated 
about Austmod Gudfastson (/UViTYJshk KIW'lH'M/k h\\V) 
*f*K NT KKhTht* I^THMsK-T : hon let kristno Jota- 
lo.nt, where accordingly |a occurs in more words than 
one instead of the usual + or A: u he caused Jamtaland to 
be christened." But it is not at all uncommon that ^ in 



THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLIISCE. 41 

Danish as well as in Swedish Runic inscriptions is used 
instead of + for denoting the sound of a or «, and this 
is no doubt here the case as in the word h^A above, if 
my interpretation is adopted. 

If this reading is approved, it will be observed that 
no verb occurs in the final line by which the infinitive 
AT : kristino can be governed; we are thus sent back to 
the verb vann, the last which occurs on the chief- side af 
the inscription; vinna denotes to vanquish, to conquer, to 
get into one's power, superare, occupare, potiri^ and in 
this sense it here has the two accusatives u Danmaurk ala" 
and u Nurviag" (thus on a Runic stone in Gestrikland, it is 
stated about Ibiurn that he u vant Selalant ala"); but it also 
denotes to effect, to obtain, to accomplish, efficere, as- 
sequi; and in this sense it is here used with the concluding 
infin. vann at kristna is quite the same as kristnadr\ 
exactly as in Vegtamskvida in the older Edda (IV 5-6) 
vann at vinna eid means the same as vann eid , did make 
an oath, and in the Skaldhelga rimur which are among 
the oldest poems in this kind of verse: vann leita is the 
same as leitadi In Rekstefja, a poem which the bard 
Hallarsteinn in the 11th century composed about the king 
Olaf Tryggvason, he says of that king "vann kristnat Is- 
land^ Grcenaveldi ok Eyjar" i. e. succeeded in christening 
Iceland, Greenland and the Isles, where the verb vann is found 
with the participle in the very same sense. It is credible that 
the Rune-carver wished to make use of the participial form, 
which we thus find has been used in the same connection 
and sense in or near his own age; but for this there was 
no room in the line, and he has therefore been obliged to 
limit himself to express the same thing by the infinitive. 

Having premised these observations I shall subjoin a 
drawing of the chief-side of the inscription on a reduced 
scale, and below it on the same scale the two concluding 

21* 



42 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 



lines from the other sides , in order thai the whole of this 
Iremarkable inscription may be seen collected in one place: 




wm 




/ v^ 



The entire inscription, I, with reference to the afore- 
written statements, do read as follows, substituting uncials 
for Runes: 

HARALDR : KUNUGR : BAf> : GAURUA : RUBL : £AUSI : 
AFT : GURM : FAfcUR : SIN : AUK : AFT : EIURUI : MUEUR : 



THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 43 

SINA : SA : HARALDR : [AS : SA'R : VAN : DANMAURK : 
ALA : AUK : NURVIAG : AUK : DANAFULK : AT : KRISTNO. 

This spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way reads as fol- 
lows, and at the same time it may be observed that in 
many of the oldest Icelandic Mss. the words u baf) , fabur, 
Danmaurk" are spelt quite in the same way as in this 
inscription: 

Haraldr koniingr bao gorva kumbl bessi eftir Gorm, 
fodur sinn, ok eftir $>yri, modur sina, sa Haraldr es (sa 
er) vann Danmork alia ok Norveg ok DanafoJk at kristna. 
"King Harald caused these cairns to be made after (in me- 
mory of) Gorm his father and after Thyre his mother, that 
Harald who conquered the whole of Denmark and Norway 
and (executed that work) to christen the Danish people. 

My aforewritten observations on the tomb-stone of 
King Gorm and more particularly the reading by which I, 
assisted by Mr. Kemp, have endeavoured to fill up the 
blank in the line on the third side, have afforded Mr. Repp 
an opportunity of publishing his reading and interpretation 
of the inscription, he having previously communicated the 
same to me. It is only in the latter part of the inscrip- 
tion that Mr. Repp's reading differs from those which have 
be§n published before; this latter part Mr. Repp reads as 
follows: sa Haraldr as sori * uan Danmaurk ala auk Nur- 
uiag auk Danafulk (or Danakun) at kristna, i. e. "that 
Harald who made an oath the whole of Denmark, and Nor- 
way, and the Danish people to christen. 

I shall here observe that in the word Danafulk (or 

J ) This | Mr. Repp supposes to be transposed from its right 
place by the stone-carver's blundt* and to have been put after the 
first [^ in the line instead of the second: at the same time he 
does not deny, that there may be such an ancient form of the 
noun as S0R or SiER, without any I; but he demonstrates that 
some such noun here is absolutely necessary. 



44 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 

Danakun) my reading DANA which 1 consider as certain, 
is the main point : the latter part may as well be read 
KUN as FULK, unless FULK be preferred. Worm has in 
his draft a Y and not an Y. 

In considering the language of these inscriptions, we 
ought to observe that the scanty Runic alphabet, wherein 
one character is used for several kindred sounds, which 
otherwise are distinguished, e. g. Y for Iv and G, t for 
T and D, gives to the words at first sight an appearance 
greatly deviating from the usage of ordinary orthography. 
When the inscriptions are transscribed according to the 
rules of orthography more particularly prevailing in the 
most ancient MSS, we will easily discover that the lan- 
guage in Denmark has at yon period been the very same 
as that which through the Eddas and the Sagas has been 
transplanted to Iceland, and there preserved through centu- 
ries till the present time, the same words, and, excepting 
a few varieties of dialect, the same grammatical forms. This 
language which in ancient times extended over (Saxland,) 
Denmark, Sweden, Norway and over a part of England, 1 
the Icelanders, as is well known, in remotest antiquity 
called the Danish tongue (donsk tunga), subsequently 
also very often Norse or the Northern language (norr<e.\a). 

The Danish inscriptions here exhibited belong to the 
age of Gorm the Old and to that of Harald Blue-tooth, 
accordingly to the tenth century , and they may be taken 
as specimens of the language here in Denmark at that 
time. The language of the Runic stone in London is the 
same Danish tongue, and the characters also are of the 
same description. The resemblance of the taste prevailing 
in the sculpture I have above adverted to. 

*) "ok gekk su liinga urn Saxland, Danmdrk ok Svi{)j6(J, Norcg 
ok urn nokkurn hluta Englands," Fornmanna Sogur XI, p. 412. 



THE RUNIC STONE OF BEKKE. 



45 



These and the following Danish monuments are of 
such importance in themselves, even independently of this 
comparison, that it is but fair and reasonable, that they 
should be more exactly known, also beyond the boundaries 
of the North, more particularly in England, since they 
belong to the age of the grandfather of Canute the Great, 
and partly refer to him. 

THE BEKKE STONE. 

Bekke is situate 3V 3 Danish miles NW of Kolding. 
The stone is a hard stone of the most common kind, and 
its natural form is quite unchanged. It is 4 feet 7 inches 
long and three feet broad. The inscription 1 is cut ftov- 
€>TQO(ft]ddv lengthways in the stone, beginning at the bot- 
tom and proceeding upwards: 



MRMU ' * 



#J'TO^Y!«»I«y» 



RmnKt»tHT!»tFirrntit« 



with Latin uncials: 

RAFNUnGA : TUFI : AUK : FUnDINn : AUK : KNUBLI : 

f>AIR : £RIR : GAr^U : f>URVIAR : HAUG : 

spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way: Rafnunga-Tofi ok Fund- 
inn ok Knubli, JDeir prir gorou ^yrviar (/^yrar) haug, i.e. 
a Rafnunga-Tofi and Fundinn and Knubli (Knyfli), those three 
made the cairn of Thyre". These are names of three men 
who erected the cairn of Thyre, no doubt of Thyre Danabot. 



!) See the inquiries of Finn Magnuson and Rask respecting 
the stones of Bekke and of Laeborg in Ant. Annaler IV, 1 p. 114- 
119, 268-269, also the drawing tab. II, fig. VI, VII. 



46 THE RUNIC STONE OF LjEBORC 

T6fi is a very ancient name here in the North, and 
a warrior of the nameofTovi is mentioned even among the 
champions of Sigurd Ring at Bravellir. It occurs on se- 
veral Runic stones. The name is also found among the 
Danes in England in the age of Canute and of the imme- 
diately subsequent kings; several times it occurs in diplomas 
of that age, being spelt in different ways 1 as: Tofi, Tobi, 
Tovi, Tofig, Tofyg; among these we find Toui whita, Toui 
reada and Toui pruda. 

Rafku'ingar is the name of a race or lineage from the 
founder Rafn, just as Ynglingar from Yngvi, Skjoldungar 
from Skjoldr, Gjukungar from Gjuki, Knytlingar from Knutr, 
Sturlungar from Sturla. The Tofi here mentioned must have 
belonged to this line or been their servant. On the next 
mentioned stone the name Rhafnungar is spelt with an 
aspirate after the R , while the root, according to the ortho- 
graphy commonly used, has the aspirate before the R : Hrafn. 

The word K+t>h must be completed by an fc, and read 
K+Kt>h; the liquids are sometimes omitted, and must be 
inserted. 

THE L^BORG STONE. 

L^eboRG is situate about 3 3 / 4 Danish miles WNW from 
Kolding. The Runic stone has been blasted from the top 
of a larger rock, which is 12 feet long, and more than 
3 feet broad, and lies a little way to the North of the 
church. As in the case of the Runic stone itself which 
has been brought to the churchyard, orders have been 
issued that the rock also should be preserved. The 
inscription is cut in two lines to be read (3ovGTQO(f7]- 
dov. At the conclusion of the first line there is the sign 
of Thor's hammer, as it is called, carved lengthways, and 

Cod. dipl. aevi Sax., op. J. M. Kemble t. IV p. 3, 31, 34, 47, 
67; t. VI p. 194. 



THE RUMC STONE OF SONDERVISSING. 



47 



at Ihe conclusion of the second another cut transversally 
in the line. The height of the Runic letters in the first 
line is 8V 4 inch and of those in the second 7 V 3 inch, and the 
depth of the cut is proportionate to this height. These Runic 
letters accordingly are some of the most conspicuous we know. 



IWiRniUsMW* =o 



T 



^y 



With Latin uncials : 
RHAFNUnGA-TUFI : HIAU : RUNAR : fcASI : AFT : 
1>urVI : DRUTNInG : SINA : 

Spelt in the common way: Hrafnunga-Tofi hjo runar 
f>essar ({aaersi) eftir £>yri drotlning sina. 

This man, who, as we have seen from the Bekke stone, 
had had a hand in the erection of queen Thyre's cairn, 
has been desirous of also doing honour to her memory by 
an inscription on the large rock lying near Lseborg. 

Worm and some others have, no doubt led by this 
inscription, supposed that this large rock has been the same 
as that, which, according to the statement of Saxo, * Harald 
Blue-tooth caused by the joint powers of men and oxen 
to be removed by the crew of his fleet from the shore of 
Jutland, with the intention of placing it on his mother's tomb. 
The distance of thirty four English miles from the shore 
of Koldingfiord to Jellinge seems, however, to be rather long. 

THE SONDERVISSING STONE. 

Sondervissing is situate 2 3 / 4 Danish miles to the west 
of Skanderborg, and at a distance a little longer to the 
NW of Horsens. The stone is 8 feet high, 4 feet broad, 
and 7 feet thick. The inscription consists of three 



*) Historia Daniae, ed. P. E. Muller p. 489. 



48 



THE RUNIC STONE OF SONDERYISSING. 



complete lines, with a fourth supplementary and final line 1 ; 
it runs as follows : 



LtnN"rAt< 



M 



TiHtiniti • tntuinrt « *r 



wwmv**wi*rm*YtM 



In Roman capitals it reads thus: 
TUFA: LET: GAURVA : KUmBL : MISTIVIS : DUTtIR: 
UFT: MUEUR: SWA: KUNA: HARAlDS : HINS: GUi>A : 
GURMSSUNAR , 

and in the ordinary Icelandic spelling: 



Tofa let gorva ku??<bl: 
Mistivis dollir, 
eftir modur sina, 
(kona) Hara/ds hins go<3a 
Gorms sonar. 



Tofa caused the cairn to be made : 
the daughter of Mistivi, 
after her mother, 
the wife of Harald the Good 
Gorm's son. 



Tufa .is a woman's name of frequent occurrence in 
the ancient history of the Northern countries, more parti- 
cularly in that of Denmark; it is also found in several 
Runic inscriptions. In the oldest redaction of the Saga of 
Hervtir - the wife of the berserk Angantyr, a daughter of 



*) A description more at large of these three Runic stones is to 
be found in Antiquarisk Tidsskrift 185*2-1854. The Sdndervissing 
stone has been particularly noticed by P. G. Thorsen in a mono- 
graphy published by him in 1839; see also Jahrbiicher des Vereins 
fur meklenburgische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde XII p. 124- 
135- XVI p. 173-174, 203. — 2 ) See my editions of the Saga in 
the Fornaldar So gar NorQrlanda I p. 519 and in Anliquiie's Russes 
et Oricntales I p. 121. 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 49 

the Earl Biartmar of Aldeiguborg, is called Tofa. Also in 
ancient historical records this name occurs; and more par- 
ticularly the beautiful Tofa, the leman of Valdemar. Alter- 
dag (New-day) is celebrated in traditionary tales and popular 
ballads, where she commonly is called Tovelille. She is 
supposed to be of Rugian origin and of a Podebuskian 
descent; the Podebusks were descendants of the old princes 
of Rugen of Slavish ancestry. 

MlSTlVlS, gen. of Mistivi, which much resembles the 
Vendic Mistui, or as Safarik calls him Mestiwoj I, a name 
of a prince who ruled over the Obotrits of Meklenburg in 
the years 960-985, who was converted to Christianity with 
many of his subjects, but subsequently apostatized. The 
name is a genuine Slavic name and probably denotes an 
avenger (from Vendic mest, Russ. mctb, revenge). 

Harald the Good Gorm's son no doubt is Harald Blue- 
tooth {bldtbnn). His mother in law has probably resided and 
died in Denmark, and her daughter Tofa has caused a cairn 
to be erected over the bones of her mother with this mo- 
numental stone on the top. Harald's father in law cannot, 
as some authors have supposed, have been the aforenamed 
prince of the Obotrits Mistui, or Mestiwoj I; but he most 
likely has been his grandfather, who also may have been 
an Obolritian prince. 



RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS IN WHICH THE WESTERN 
COUNTRIES ARE ALLUDED TO. 

The Danish Runic stone found in London naturally 
recalls in our remembrance those Runic stones in the 
Northern countries on which England and the Western 
countries have been mentioned. These, like so many other 
relics of antiquity, are irrefragable testimonials of the fre- 



50 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 

qucnt visits paid by the men of the North to the British 
Isles. These relics, no doubt, particularly deserve to be 
brought into notice, and to be made subjects of inquiry, 
and this is more especially the case with the Runic stones_, 
in as much as almost every one of these requires a very 
careful examination, when certain results are to be founded 
on the inscriptions which they exhibit. Many have, in the 
course of time, unfortunately been lost; but in as far as 
they still are preserved, more accurate copies of the in- 
scriptions than hitherto have been published ought to be 
procured. I here only propose to lay before the antiquarian 
reader a new edition of those inscriptions hitherto known, 
in which the Western countries are mentioned, hoping that 
such an edition may be the means of occasioning a careful 
examination of all these monumental stones and a more 
searching investigation into the contents of the inscriptions, 
whereof the results might suitably be communicated to 
the public at large in the "Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndig- 
hed og Historie", a periodical work which enjoys a vast 
circulation. This new edition must, with due regard to 
space, be framed on a plan of the most concise brevity, and 
it is laid before the public with no other pretentions than 
that of occasioning a more careful investigation of these 
inscriptions. 

These Runic stones are here arranged according to the 
places where they have been found, or where they still 
are found. They exhibit an irrefragable proof of the inter- 
course between these places and the British Isles in the 
days of yore. 

In this edition I have chiefly used for my guidance 
J. II. Liljcgren's Runlara p. J08-U0 and the "Run-Urkun- 
dcr" edited by the same author £ here bearing the quotation- 
mark L) , also J. Goranssons Bautil (B) and Worm's Mo- 
numenta Danica (W). The Runic inscriptions are given 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 51 



with such exactness as is attainable by the existing types; 
after the Runic text the inscriptions are exhibited in their 
own orthography with Roman capitals, and partly supplied 
with such amendments as may be considered certain; then 
follows the same inscription with the ordinary Icelandic 
spelling, and last of all the translation. 

1. UPLAND (Tiundaland, harad or district of Habo, 
parish of Haggeby): in the northern cellar wall of Kalstad, 
in serpentine windings, surrounds a decorated cross. (L 50, 
B 349). 



N«m c inr4iiRwtfiR4Hn • mm 



{NI-H1MW1 



v\m 



■rm 



u 



% o M, 



hmwmwYm°mn\*hm 



STERKAR : AUK : HIORVARfcR : LETU:REISA : EEnSA : 
STEIN : AT : FAEUR : SINn : FEIRA : SUM : VASTR : SAT : 
a!> : InGLAnEI : GU£ : HIALBI : SALU l Styrkar and 
Hjorvardr letu reisa £>enna stein at fodur sinw Feira, sera 
vestr sat a Ewglandi; gud" hjalpi salu: u Styrkar and Hior- 
vard caused this stone to be raised after their father Feiri, 
who resided westward in England; God help the soul." 

The name Feiri is uncommon (KtlKI, Geiri?). This 
man has been resident in England , and his sons Sterkar 
and Hiorvard must, after his decease in that country, have 
erected him this monumental stone for the preservation of 
his memory at home. 

2. ( — , district of Vaksala, parish of Old Upsala) : 

in the church, on the altar. The inscription forms a ser- 
pentine band, surrounding a large erect double cross. The 
head of the serpent is visible, but not the tail, because a 
piece of the stone is broken off. (L 184, B 387). 



RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN TARTS. 



m?\n 



MH-imtH-rtw 



^tlR»nmK6 y "HH1R"HN; 

SIHVIfcB : reistI : STAIN : £INn A : InGLAnTS : FARI : 
AFTIR : VITARF : FA]?UR SInn : Sigvidr reisti stein J)cnna, 
Englandsfari eftir Vidarf fodur s'mn: "Sigvid, the England 
seafarer raised this stone after Vidarf his father." 

The name Sigvior (the gainer of victory , or the con- 
queror) is found on many Runic stones, most frequently 
spelt as here with an #, but also very often hi KIM PR.. 

Here it may he observed, that in Old Upsala stones 
are found which exhibit curious glyptical representations of 
ships (B 380, 382). On one of these, said to be fixed in 
the churchdoor in 1138, a large cross may be seen, sculp- 
tured in the ship. Sigvid who has resided at this place, 
has on account of his voyages to England obtained the sig- 
nificative surname of Englandsfari, as many Northmen 
were named after the places which they visited,^ when these 
were remarkable or very far remote, e. g. the Norwegian 
king Sigurd Jorsalafari (traveller to Jerusalem) and in a 
subsequent age the Icelander Biorn Jorsalafari (Gronlands 
hist. Mindesma3rker I p. 110-122); also Vidbiurn Grikfari 
(traveller to Greece) in the Vedyxe stone in the parish of 
Danmark, Upland (L 211, cfr. L416); but more particularly 
after the places which they were in the habit of visiting 
for commercial purposes , as for example the Icelander 
Rafn IHymrcksfari, so called on account of his voyages to 
Limerick (Antiquitates Americana? p. 211), and also Rafn 
Holmgarosfari, who resided at Tonsberg, on account of his 
visits to Holmgard or Novgorod (Anliquites Russes et Orien- 
tals t. II, p. 221-223); |><Srir Englandsfari Q>attr afGunn- 
ari I>iorandabana, sec Laxdaelasaga , ed. Arna - Magnaeana 
p. 364, 370). 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



53 



3. (Attundaland, district of Bro, parish of Bro) : in 

the church wall without the western door. The inscription 
forms two curved bands, and these have a zigzag shape be- 
low. There is an outer and an inner band; within the inner 
there is a cross in a slanting posture. (L 312, B 267, cfr. N. R. 
Brocman, Undersokning om vare Nordiske Runstenars Alder, 
after Saga af Ingyari vidforla, Stockholm J 762, p. 105-125). 



\\\/l 



10 I '■*• ; 



4v 



WRnwwnr-MLM.-N 



t 



M4* 



}( 






MM 



wA-i+wH-WA-nu-n 



mm * ti^ • rai 



\w 



\m\ - m 



[< 



GINLUG : HULMGIS : DUTIR : SUSTIR :SUGUR£AR : AUK 
£AIRA : GAUtS : HUN : LIT : GEARA : BRU : t>ESI : AUK 
RAISA : STAIN : f>INA : EFTIR : ASUR : BUNDA : SINn 

that which follows is cut in the inner band: SUN 
HAKUNAR : JARLS : SA'R : VAR : VIKInGA : VAURDK 
MIfc : GAETI : GUE : 1ALBI : hANS : AUnD : UK : SALU. 

Gwnnlaug Holmgeirs dottir, systir Sugruoar (Siguroar) 
ok peirra Gaufs, hun let gora brii jjessa ok rcisa stein 
{jenna eftir Asur bonda sinn , son Hakonar jarls , sa er 
var vikiwgavordr med Gazdi; gud //jalpi hans ond ok salu; 
"Gunnlaug, the daughter of Holmgeir, sister to Sigurd and 
to Gaut fand his brothers), she caused this bridge to be 
made, and this stone to be raised after Asur her husband, 
the son of the Earl Hakon, who was fwent out as) a viking- 



54 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



guard (i. e. protector against vikings) together with Gaut; 
God help his spirit and soul!" 

Gaetr, no doubt, is an other spelling, or misspelling 
for Gautr. This Gaut, who accordingly derived his origin 
from this place , the parish of Bro, we find by the Gosinge 
stone, (which see below sub n° 14,) has made an expedition 
to the Western countries, in which beside that Asur, who 
is mentioned here, Svein of Gosinge and probably also 
Ubbe or Ubber from the parish of Ludgo in Sodermanland 
and likewise Thialfe of Landaryd in Eastgotland accompa- 
nied him. As that Gaut who is mentioned twice in the 
inscription must be one and the same person, Asur must 
have been his brother in law. In Gaut's expedition Asur 
had a peculiar command as viking avbrdr , i. e. one who 
was to take care of vikings , search out vikings or corsairs. 

To find out who the Earl Hakon mentioned here 
may have been, demands a separate inquiry. The erection 
of a bridge enhanced the importance of the monument, and 
it has also been of some sacred import. On several Runic 
stones (e. g. L 644, 645) we find it expressly stated, that 
such a bridge was made for the soul of the departed. 
Possibly the name of the parish of Bro derives its origin 
from this very bridge, which was erected in memory of a 
man of distinction in the place. 

4. £ — , district of Langhundra, parish ofNartuna): 

in the fields ofUdby; the inscription forms a curved band, 
and above it is placed a cross standing upright. (L 587, 
B 216, Peringskiold, Notae in vitam Theodorici p. 458). 



H+flR ■ H\ 



.1 



)jo 



mm : 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 55 

KITILFASTR : RISTI : STIN : frINA : IFTIR : ASGUT : 
FAfrUR : SIN : SA'R : VAS : VISTR : UK : USTR : GUD : 
IALBi : hAnS : SILU : : Ketilfastr rchii stein fjenna eftir 
Asgrcut, fodur sin??, sa er vas veslr ok «ustr; gud //jalp? 
Jtans salu: "Ketilfast raised this stone after Asgaut his 
father, who made voyages westward (i. e. to England) and 
eastward (i. e. to Gardarike or Greece); God help his soul!" 

5. £ — , district of Lyhundra, parish of Husby) : 

at the south-west corner of the church. (L 608, Acta lit. 
Svecia?, Upsaliae 1730, 3 p. 85.) 



«'i * /» 



nin-riK-i 



■mittYA"M/k«BRni>R--ltlA-Mtn-RI>it- 



Htli-N^-irm^lW-BRnMR-Hli-H 



R^-tn^R-i-intMtl-W-hKnWWRI' 



IN*^MttBKt¥Jt* 



If "111 



nKnHYIIMABIfR-WnKiRMW- 



TIARFR : UK : GRIMr : UK : VIKI : UK : IUGIR : UK 
GIRhJALMR : t>IR : BRUfrR : ALlIR : L1TU : RISA : STIN 
UNA : IFTIR : SV1N : BRUfrUR : SIN : SA'R : VARt>: DUt>R 
A : JUTLAnDI : ON : SKULDI : FARA : TIL : InGLANDS 
GU|) : IALBI : hANS : AnD: UK: SALU : UK : gUi>S:MU[>IR 
BITR : t>AN : hAN : GARfcl : TIL : Tjarfr (Djarfr) ok Grimr 
ok Viki Q Vigi) ok Jogeir (or J6/g«?ir) ok Geir/zjalmr, JDeir braedr 
al/ir lelu reisa stein j)en??a eftir Svein brodur sin??, sa ex vard 
d«u6r a Jotlawdi en skyldi fara til I??glands ; gud //jalpi /*ans o??d 
ok salu ok guds modir betr enn /?ann gorch" til: "Diarf and 
Grim and Vigi and Jogeir (or Jo/geir) and Geirhealm, all 
these brothers caused this stone to be raised after Svein their 



56 BUMC STORES MEMIONLNC THE WESTEB.N PARTS. 



brother, who died in Jutland, but was going lo England; 
God and the mother of God help his spirit and soul better 
than his deeds deserved.' , (cfr. L 949, B 724.) 

This Svein, whose five brothers erected this monument 
to his memory, died in Jutland, being then on his travel 
to England. In the armamentary of the same church there 
is a monumental stone over a man who died in Greece. 

6. (FjerdhUiNDRalakd, district of Lagunda, parish 

of Hjellstad): in the church wall; the inscription in a complete 
serpent with head and tail, surrounding a cross which stands 
upright. The beginning is probably rut on that side of the 
stone which is hid in the wall. (L 764, B 625.) 



: FAt>UR : SIN : SA'R : VARt> : DAUt>R : : EaGLOisDI : 

foour sin« sa er vard daiuV a E/?gla//di: "bis father who 
died in England." 

7. SODERMAXLAND. (district ofRono, parish of Lud- 
gou) : Aspa, between the Thing hill (Assize hill) and the bridge. 

The first eight words are cut in a band on one side of 
the stone; the rest is placed on the other side in three 
bands, and in the two first of these the inscription is cut 
(iovaroorrrjdor. (L 81)8, B 807.) 



[m-ikmi'Mmnmrnimmim 



/) iu 



mil'HI^KMtMtft hBM:WKHtiM:ft: 



° -NcM/l 



l*/l 



RMWN^juimmj^u 



t>URA : RAISty : STIN : \>\SSl : AT : CB1 : BUANDa : SIX : 
STAIN : SIR : SI : STAXdR : AT : LBI : : UkGSTAN : AT : 
DURU:VAR:MAN:VISTARLA:VAKTI:KARLA....MIRG... 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 57 

f ora reisti stein f)enna at "Thora raised this stone 

Ubb'i bonda sinn: over Ubbe her husband' 7 : 

Stein?2 f)ersi "This stone 

stendr at Ubbi stands at Ubbi 

a f>mgslaoi in the assize-place 

at f)6ruvar; at Thoruvar; 

hanrc vestarla he westward 

vakti karla, roused warriors 

(er hann) medr G(auti) (when he) along with G(aut) 

(gunni hadi). (waged war)." 

In the third band only three complete Runic letters 
are legible in the drawing of Bautil, but it is indicated by 
strokes that several could not be read at all, and this band 
has in all probability contained a complete distich, and the 
whole has made a stanza of eight lines fornyrdalag. It is 
very likely that after tl/k in the third line K-HYT I (Gauli) 
has followed, and that this Ubbe has been one of the men 
who followed Gaut in his expedition to the Western countries. 

The name Thoruvar may have denoted the landing- 
place of Thora (var being the same as the Iceland, vor, gen. 
vnrar)) which perhaps got its name from Ubbe's widow. 

I have corresponded with the parson of the place, the 
Rev. Charles R. Graff, about this stone, and he has furn- 
ished me with a new copy of the inscription, adding the 
information that it appears from incontrovertible signs, 
that the Baltic in limes of yore has been conjoined with 
those lakes which now lie between the coast and the place, 
and that there accordingly was navigable water all the way 
up to Aspa, which satisfactorily explains the local name 
Thoruvar, or Thora's landing-place. Thura in the fourth 
line might also be taken as the name of a locality only, 
and var be referred to the words that follow. 

8. ( — , parish of Raby): atSponga; the inscription 

in a curved band with a crossband below, which surrounds 



58 



RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



a decorated cross, resting on a ship, below which there 
are some Runic signs; but these it will be difficult to in- 
terpret. (L 884, B 822). 



fiMIM:nt|:MIA:MIHM:htlfcMtNI 



KnmR:rfl>nR:HI$:Htni>:tWKI 



Httri ° HKI 






4^ 



ma 



GUDBIRN : auk : UDdI : |)AIR : RAIS&U : STIN : t>ANSI : 
AT : GUt>MAR : FA|>UR : SIN : STUD : TRINGILIca : I : 
STAF . . : SRIPI : LIGU : VISTARLA : 

Gudbjorn (Gunnbjorn) ok Odrfi, J>eir reistu stein fjenna at 
Gudmar (Gunnmar), foour sin?*, er stod drengilijpa i stafrai 
i skipalegu vestarla: "Gudbiorn and Qdde, they raised this 
stone after Gudmar their father who stood trustily at the poop 
in the harbour westward (much doubtful in the latter part)." 

9. (district of Jonaker, parish ofBarbo): Tackham- 

mar; a part of the inscription in a band which forms a cross, 
and an other part without the same. (L 892 ; I. H. Schroder, 
Ad Runographiam Scandinaviae Accessiones novae p. 2-5.) 



'"IWWHM: 



M 



hi °°f' 



w 



A\ 



f° 1 



m 



,A% 



N 



• 



AUBIRN : RAISfrl : STAIN • t>ANSl : AT : KARI : HAN : 
VAR|> : DAU|>R : A : inGLAnDI : I LI|)I. 

Eybjorn reisti stein jienna atKari; hann vard dauflr d Eng- 
lawdi i lidi(Lioi): u Aubiorn raised this stone after Kar; he 
died in England onboard the ship (or inLcilli? cfr. p. 352). 

10. f — , parish of Nykyrke): in the fields of 

Hiirmesla; the inscription forms a curved band, and sur- 
rounds an upright standing cross, the upper part of which 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



59 



is furnished with serpentine decorations; the last part of 
the inscription, containing the name of the man who built 
the cairn, runs along the perpendicular pole of the cross. 
(L 895, B 771.) 



Mil 



mm'Wm'Hfm' 



WHI : it: BRhMIR ■ W \ HIIIW: W : MM 



4^ 



1 o 



mn 



4v( 



On the cross: 



mm\\mmbm\tMU 



ESKIL : AUK : KNAUJJlMANR : RAISTU : STAIN : frANSI : 
AT : BRUfrUR : SIN : SV1RA : AS : VARD : DAUt>R : : 
ENGLAND!. 

KUML : GIARM : DATSI : KITIL : SLAKR : 

Askel/ ok Knaudimanr reistu stein {jenna at broour s'inn 
Sverri, es varo dauor a E??glandi: "Eskill and Knaudimanr 
(or Gnaudimanr) raised this stone after their brother Sverre, 
who died in England.'' On the cross: 

Kuml gordi J^atsi "This cairn made 

Kelil/ slakr. Ketil the Yielding." 

11. (district of Oppunda, parish of Bettna): Hval- 

stad; the stone is placed in a ship-formed enclosure or stone- 
grouping made in the form of a ship; the inscription forms 
a curved band. (L 899, B 794.) 



*FR-WlHM-HtW-M*HI:irtU-Hnmi 



"!int:mt:*n-nw:nMR:wni>R 



LAFR : RAIS|>I : STAIN : t>ANSI : 1FTIR : SULKU : SUN : 
SIN : HAN : VARfr : VASTR : DAU|)R. 

Leifr reisti stein J>enna eftir Sulka , son sin?*; hann 



60 



RUMC STOKES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



vard vestr daudr: "Leif raised this stone after his son Sulke; 
he died in the Western parts." 

12. (— ) parish of Lerbo): in the fields of Hasslo ; 

the inscription forms a curved band surrounding an upright 
standing decorated cross with a smaller cross in the middle. 
(L 904, B 772.) 



Mht|:MWMttl:* KWU°°m 



/K 



GUNnI : RA1STI : STAiN : |>ANSI : At : RAGNA : SUN : 
SIN : IR : DANI[VA]G : VArJ> : DAut>R : VASTR. 

Gunm reisti ste/n |)enna at Ragna, son sin??, er J>an«ig 
vard dawOr vestr: "Gunni raised this stone after Ragne his 
son, who died there (yonder) in in the Western parts." 

13. (district of Villallinge, parish of Ardala) : on 

the hillock of Sannerby; the inscription forms a curved band 
with a cross-band below, surrounding a cross, around which 
the concluding part of the inscription runs. (L 912, B 824). 



w 



mm i rm 



h 



lABinMWWM^WWItt 



tR 



FIXIfrR : GIARt)l : KUML : >AUSI : AFTIR : GAIRBJURN : 
FAJ>UR SIN : HAN : VARJ> : DAU|)R : VISTR. 

Finnv'ibr gortii kuml Ipessi eftir Geirbjorn, fodur sinw ; 
hanrc varo daudr vestr: u Finnvid made this cairn after 
Geirbirn his father; he died in the Western parts." 

14. (district ofDaga, parish of Gasinge): in the door 

of the armamentary; the inscription forms a coiled up serpent, 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



61 



and the concluding part is placed within the same; there is 
a cross between the curvatures; a small part of the stone 
is broken off. (L 925, B 718.) 



Ff< 






i° ■> 



HRt°HMi 



HWhrnr-Mfimw-n-hin 



n° 



w 



Nil 



twni 



RAGNA : RAISTI : STAIN : t>ANSl : AT : SU1N : BUnDa : 
sin : AUK : SIFA : AUIv : RAGNBURG : AT : SIn : FA|>UR : 
GU|> : HJALBI : AnD : HANS . sYIn : IAK : t>IT : IVARs : 
SYIT : VESTR . MIt> : GUTI : 

Ragna reisli stein |)ansi (ijenna) at Svcin bonda shin, ok 
Sifa ok Ragnborg at sinn fodur; guo" hjalpi uwd hans! Sveinn 
jok \)hlt Ivar* sv/iit vestr med G«uti: u Ragna raised this 
stone after Svein her husband, and Sifa and Ragnborg at their 
father; God help his spirit! Svein was a brave follower in the 
troop of Ivar in the Western parts along with Gaut. 

The interpretation of the concluding part of the inscrip- 
tion is difficult; still it does appear, that Svein, in whose 
memory the stone was erected , accompanied Gaut on his 
expedition to the Western countries, and, if I have rightly 
apprehended the meaning, that he has by his bravery 
distinguished himself in that army or squadron which was 
commanded by one Ivar. 

15. (district of East Rekarne, par^h ofKjula): on 

the brow of the Kjula mountain near the assize hill; the in- 
scription forms two long serpentine bands, which terminate in 
a cross in the middle. (L 979, B 753; Verelii Runographia 
p. 87; Peringskiold , Notse in vitam Theodorici p. 475.) 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



trRIKAsWIHtlsHttH^HM 



Hit • n\m ■ HBikt* htA-nihttRM--nY- 



MAit-wrM-BnRr-nYBRntw:w 



nYWRM»rll»-« 



«K+ R 



IV 



ALRIKR : RAISTI : STAIN : SUN : SIRIfrAR : AT : SIN • 
FAf>UR : SPJUT : SA'R : VISTARLA : UM : VARIT : HAF|>I: 
BURG : UMBRUTNA : AUK : UMBARDA : F1R|> : HAN : 
KARSAR:GUtI: AU1R : 

"Alrek raised this stone: 
the son of Sigrid 



Alrekr reisli stein: 
son Si^ridar, 
at sinn fodur Spjut, 
sa er vestarla 
urn varit hafdi 
borg urn brotna 
ok um barda, 
(for) han?i (ok) garsar 
(mcd) Gauti al//r. 



at his father Spiot, 

who in the Western parts 

had in the spring-time 

broken a castle 

and beaten eke, 

he and all his lads 

went with Gaut." 



After the first line in prose here also follows a complete 
stanza of eight lines in the ancient metre (fornijrdalag). 
Sukrudr on the Bro stone (n° 3 above p. 335-336) we 
must suppose to be a man's name Sigurdr or Sigraudr, and it 
may be inferred from a stone in the Mora mountain opposite to 
the garden of Sundbyholm in the neighbouring parish of 
Jader, that this has been the husband (bondi) of Sigrid, the 
daughter of Orm and mother of Alrik (L 984): u Si#ridr 
gordi bru Cesser, modir Alriks, dottir Orms, fur salu Holm- 
gars, fodur Sukrudar buanda sins". This Sigraud has been 
named Sigraudr spjot, after the same manner as Siguror 
bildr, one of Olaf Tryggvason's champions in the sea-fight 
of Svolder (see Fornmanna Sogur 2 p. 252). This man 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



63 



has died long before Sigrid, and from this may be explained 
that Alrik is called the son of Sigrid. 

The explanation of the last distich is difficult. The 
penultimate word may perhaps be read Guti rather than kum. 

Karsi occurs as a man's name on two Runic stones 
(L 506, 515), and it means probably the same as gdsse, 
a lad in modern Swedish ; it is analogous to Finnish koss?\ 
French gargon^ Cellish gas, a young boy. 

16. (district of West Rekarne, parish of Tumbo): 

above the door of the church; the stone has been put in 
in such a manner that the Runic letters turn topsy-turvy; 
the inscription forms a band with serpentine coils below; 
the beginning is wanting. (L 987, B 761.) 



m»i:1lri 



hAN : DRUKNAfrl : I EkGLANdS : HAfi : 

harm druknadi i Er?glan^/s ha/?: "he drowned in the Eng- 
lish ocean ( the North Sea)." 

17. VESTMANLAND (district of Norrbo, parish of Skul- 
tuna): the stone lay in the cellar, with its back resting on the 
floor, and the one end passing trough the wall was visible 
on its outside; it was removed and placed in an upright 
posture in a place called Jacobsberg near the bmssworks 
of Skultuna. The inscription forms a serpent-coil, and its 
conclusion is placed without the same. (L 1002; N. H. 
Sjoborg, Samlingar for Nordens fornalskare 1 fig. 141.) 



♦nmtR- fflt-RM° wii'NM • irti 



M 



o u 



wmn°my Mk 



n 



urBi-KhMttn-N 



IHNVALDR : LIET : R1SA : STAIN : fclNSA : IFT1R 
GERFAST : SUN : SIN : DRIjnG : cUDAN : AUK VAS 
FARIN : TIL : EnGLANdS : HJALBI : GUD : SALU : HANS 



64 RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



Ingvaldr let msa stein [>enna eftir Ge/rfast, son si nil, 
drewg ^rodan, ok vas faring til E/<glarw/s; hjalpi gud salu 
hans : "Ingvald caused this stone to be raised after Geir- 
fast his son , a worthy (young) man, and he had gone to 
England; God help his soul!" 

IS. (district of Tuhundra, parish of Lundby}: in 

the bridge of Saltang; the inscription in a serpent- coil sur- 
rounds a cross. (L 1016, B 1082; Verelii Runographia p. 74.) 



NHr f Ht • rW • BnWWF 



iL a 



+R»MnMtKNtl«KnMtt 



m • m - w ■ Him 



GISL : LIT:GERA : BRU : IFTiR : OSL:SUN : SIN-.HAN : VAR* : 
t>AUt>R : A EnGLAnDI : GU|> : JALBI : HAnS : AND: AUK : SILU. 

Gisl let gera bru eftir Osl, son sin?*; hanw varj dauor a 
Ewgla?*di; gud Zijalpi haws ond ok salu: Cl Gisl caused this 
bridge (and burial-cairn) to be made after Osl his son; he 
died in England; God help his spirit and soul!" 

19. ( — , parish of Dingtuna) : the stone lay in 

Vendeleby within the hostelry, where it was used as a seat. 
The inscription, in the form of serpents, was partly worn 
away and illegible, and a part of the stone at the top broke 
off and missing. These are the observations made by 0. 
Celsius who examined the stone the 27 th July 1727. The 
inscription makes five lines, and a part of the conclusion is 
missing. (L 1021 ; 0. Celsii Svenska Runstenar, Ms. 2 p. 417.) 



♦HI - fit ■ mm ■ HHI 



.MH-NMWIr-lrNH-tf 



mm 



1-2, Something of the inscription, at the top of the stone, is 



missing here 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 65 



V\ 



GRAuHNaki : LIT : RESA : stain : 

VAS : FARIN : TIL : InGLAndS : DU : I : SBELBU |>A . . 

ISA|)U : HELBI : GUD : SElu hans : SIGI JUK : . . . 

Grahnaki let rcisa stein vas iarinn til Erag- 

hnds; do i Spelby (or Sperby: HfciR&h), J) a isadu; 

hjalpi gud sa/u hans: Sigi //jo: u Grahnakki (Greynook) 

caused the stone to be raised was gone to England, 

died in Spelby; God help his soul! Sigi carved the (Runes)." 

As far as I can judge, here is a proper name of a 
place in England, where that man of the parish of Dingtuna, 
for whom the stone is raised , died. Perhaps Spelby means 
Spilsby in the county of Lincoln. 

20. GESTRIKLAND (Gefle): on the fields of Hamlinge, 
by the road. Lieut. Colonel Westfelt who on topographical 
travels made drawings of several Runic stones for our Society 
has also furnished a new drawing of this one. The inscrip- 
tion forms two serpent-coils. (L 1049, B 1101; Acta lit. 
Sveciae II 1725-1729 p. 197- 198/) 



MlHIMtJtlt-IH BttM!ftBMt# 



wnwki>wni>Mwrw»ti**ttrnRYUi 



rwimim'MBitth^nKnwYnMAj 



inir " ii 



MnYW#n«MMlH! 



IMMtrnhMMkBltnit 



BRUSI : LIT : RITA : Stain : *ansi : iPTIR : 1H1L : BRUR 
SIN : IN : HAN : VARt> : DAUt>R : I : TAFSTALONDI 
HON : FUR : MIR : FRAYGIRI : GUJ> : HJALBI : HONS 



M 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



sALU : uK : cUt>S : MUt>IR : SVAIN :UK : OSMVNDR DAir : 
MARKAMJ : DO : bUUSI : FUR : TIL : ANGLANdS : IPTIR : 
BRUR SIN. 

Brusi let rita Stem jjenna eplir Egil bro'dur sinw, en 
han« varo dauor a Tafr/slalandi; han?z for me<fr Freygeiri; gud 
hjalpi hans sk\u ok #uds mooir; Svein?* ok Asmundr |)eir 
morkudu, [)a Z>rusi for lil England, eftir brodiir sinw: 
"Brusi caused Ibis stone to be inscribed after Egil his 
brother, and he died in Tavastaland (Finland) ; he went 
with Freygeir; God and the mother of God help his soul! 
Svein and Asmund marked, when Brusi went to England, 
after (in memory of) their brother." 

Egil, one of Bruse's brothers, died in Tafastland in 
Finland on an expedition probably to Gardarike, in whteh 
he accompanied a certain Freygeir. His two brothers Svein 
and Asmund added the other part of the inscription, in 
memory of their brother Bruse, when he set out for England. 

21. EAST-GOTLAND (district of Bankekind , parish 
of Landeryd) : in the steeple wall; the inscription in a 
serpent-coil surrounds a double cross. (L 1131, B 854.) 



MYJk' 



tLMM 



SW 



Hli-mf :M*:U;nU:YIA:K*M 



VIR1KR : RESTI : STAiN : IFTIR : [>IALFA : BRUPUR : 
SIN : DRAnG : t>AN : AR : VAR : MIR : GAUTI. 

Virikr re/sti stein eftir J> j a I f a 9 broour sin?z, drewg |)an?i 
er var me<JrGauti: a Virik raised this stone after his brother 
Thialfe, that youth who was with Gaut." 

It thus appears that the said Gaut has in his expedition 
to the Western countries had several companions from 
different parts of Sweden. 

22. (district of Hanekind, parish of Kaga): 



[runic stones mentioning the western parts. 67 

near Rackegatan; the inscription forms a coiled up serpent, 
and the tail is twisted about the neck. (L 1145, B 850). 



IM 



If 



ihP- 



t ku : irw ; rn 



RUl>R : RISTI : SUN : frANSI : 1FTIR ; TUKI : BRU|)UR : 
SIN : SA'R : YAR|> : DRiBIN : A : IgLAnDI : DRIgR : 
ARDA : GUDR : 

RfluSr reisti stein fienna eftir Tuki £T6k«), broSur sinw, 
sa ex vard dr#pin?i a Erc^landi, drewgr Aard/a godr: 4t Raud 
raised this stone aftrr Toke his brother, who was killed in 
England, being^ a very worthy man." 

Here we must in all probability read England, and 
not Eyland. 

23. SMALAND. (Njudingen, East district, parish of 
Nafvelsio): Rosas; the stone is broke; the inscription forms 
three bands, and is to be read ^ov(Sx^o^r\dbv\ beside one of 
the lines there is a cross. The drawing of the inscription 
is made by M r Wallman (L 1233). 



4^ 



mMvH 



iHf^K°BBmm°mnnit 



GUNTKEL : SATI : STEN : frANSl : EFTIR ; GUNAR : 
FADUR : SIN : SUN : HRUt>A • HALGI : LAGfrl ; HAN : I : 
STEN|)Ru : BRUDUR : SIN : A : HAnGLAnDI : I : BAt>UM. 

Gunnkell sat/i stem f)enna eftir Gunwar foOur sinw, son 
Hruda; Helgi lagdi harnz i ste/nJDro, brodur sin??, a E??g- 
la?*di i Baoum: "Gunnkell set this stone after Gunnar his 



68 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING TIIE WESTERN PARTS. 

father, Ihe son of Rut; Flelge laid him in a stone-trough 
(i. e. stone-coffin), his brother, in England in Bath." 

This inscription is remarkable in as much as the name 
of an English city, Bath in Somersetshire, is mentioned here. 
Helge, it seems, was a brother of Gunnar, Gunnkel's father, 
and he (Helge) effected Gunnar's interment by laying him 
in a stone coffin. 

24. ( — , the West district, parish ofSandsio): in 

the meadow of the manse near the road; the inscription is 
arranged povGrQocfrjdbv in three lines. (L 1239, B 1046.) 



hRil WWHtli WHI '-Wm ' Mi °. BRIM 



H&:'trt:nUT*n 



■If 



VRAI : SATtI : S TIN : &ONSI : EFTIR : GUNnA : BRUfrUR : 
SIN : HAN ; VAR : DAU()R : I : AnGLAnDI : 

Vrai (Urai, Vrain, Orri?) satfi stein f)enna eftir Gunna 
broour sinw; hann var daudr i Englandi: u Urai set this 
stone after Gun/ze his brother; he died in England." 

25. (Fi,\nheden (district of Westbo, parish of 

Berga): in the church door forming the step. (L 1255.) 



mklKft-MHtl 



i]YH 



VIR1KRReISTI:KUML- t>I DAfrlS : : AnGLOnDI. 

Virikr reisti kuml \>essi andahlst a Ewg- 

la?/di : u Virik raised this cairn expired in England." 

The name of the person who died in England is lost. 

26. ( , district of Sunnerbo, parish of 

Berga): the mill oflngelstad near the Laga brook. (L 1262, 
Sven Bring Diss, de Otlingia Berga). 



lymiHfrhHtmtf 



> h 



Ml 



k : ft 



\» ° 



RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 



69 



VI . . ET : RISt>I : STIN : EFTTR : 1>URIR : FA>UR : SIN : 
SA'R : EnDANS : : InGLANDI. 

.... rcisli stein eftir J>6ri foour sinw, sa ex ewdadis£ 
a Ewglandi; u .... raised this stone after Thorir, who 
expired in England." 

27. WEST GOTALAND, (district of Skaning, parish of 
Edsvara): Haraldstorp, near a brook; the inscription forms 
two curved bands with a cross-band below. (L 1351, B 962.) 



;Hllt*- lAKMMHIfcttk 



W:tWK:hM1Htl>:tnM 



'H 



fa® 



TULA : SATtI : STIN : |>ensi IRRR : SUN : SIN : 

HARt>A : GUDOX : DRONG : SA : VARfr: DU>R : I : VASTR- 
VAGuM:I: VIKIxGU. 

Tola satfi sldn \tenna eptir . . irkr, son sin?*, hard/a 
go^an dreng, sa vard dtf uor i Vestrvegum i vikiwgu : ;i Tola 
set this stone after Svirkr her son, a very worthy young 
man; he died in the Western parts being on a viking- 
or roving expedition." 

The man's name who died in the Western countries 
on a viking excursion has probably been Sverkr or Serkir. 

28. SKANE (district of Bara, parish of Uppakra) : 
Hjarup; the inscription forms four bands, two on each side. 
(L 1439, W 154.) 



WH*RIHM-HW-WHI-*rm-t 



UlMllt-HIMtt- 



k 



nmtMiM 






NAFNI : RlSt>I : STIN : |>InSI : AFTIR : TUKA : BRU|>UR 
SIN : HAN : VARt> : VISTR : DUDR : ARF. 



70 RUMC STO\ES BIENTIOMNG THE WESTERN PARTS. 



Nafni reisti stein [)cnna eftir Toka broour sinw; harm 
vard vestr daudr arf: u Nafne raised this stone after Tuke 
his brother; he died in the West." 

The concluding word 1W may perhaps be incorrectly 
copied, and it may be we ought to read I IMKIKh, i vikingu, 
as on the Slro stone, L 1448, W 147. 

29. NORWAY (county of Bratsberg, district of Ovre 
Thelemarken, parish of Evie): Evie-Moe near Fennie Foss ; 
the inscription forms two straight bands, the one beside the 
other, and has a cross at the end. £L 1457, W 493; 
Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed 1 p. 310, 411-413). 



mm 



•W-MH-iniR 



w 



ML 



ND 



lil< 



fo 



rnwt-iMW-ih-KH 



ARNSTINN : RISTI : STIN : : ftENA : EFTIR : BJORn : 
SUN : SIN : SA : VAR : DUfrR : I : LIDI : IS : KNUTR : 
SOTtI : InGLOnD. 

Arnsteinn reisti stein J>enna eftir Bjorn, son sirm; sa 
var dfluOr i lidi, is Knutr sotri England : "Arnstein raised 
this stone after his son Biorn; he died in the host (or more 
properly: in the fleet), when Knut invaded England." 

Lid here and on the Tiickhammar stone (above p. 340) 
is probably not the name of the town (Leith), England and 
not Scotland being expressly named; lid signifies a ship, a 
fleet, see Snorra Edda I, p. 252, 544 and Hervarar saga c. 
5 (my edition in Antiquites Russes et Orientales 1 p. 149). 

This Biorn may have accompanied Canute the Great to 
England; or he may have partaken in the expedition to that 
country of the Danish prince Canute Sveinson 1075. 

The sense of the words u nis go|>" is uncertain , per- 
haps the meaning is "have an eye upon us, oh God!" 



BEILERKNIXGER 

OM 

M DANSK RUNESTEEN 

FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, 

FUNDEN 

MIDT I LONDON 

OG OM FLERE DANSRE RUNESTENE 
AP 



CARL CHRISTIAN RAFN. 



S.ERSKILT AFTRYK AF DET 

KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT-SELSKABS 
ANNALER FOR NORDISK OLDKYNDIGHED OG HISTORIE. 



KJOBENHAVN. A 

TRYKT HOS J. D. QVIST , BOG- OG NODBTRYKKBR. 

1854. 












BEM.ERKN1NGER OM EN DANSK RUNESTEEN 
FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, FUNDEN 
MIDT I LONDON; ved Carl C. Rafn. 

Jevnfor den bag tilfiiiede Afbildning af Stenen tab. I. 



AJUNDtfNABORG er allra borga mest ok agaezt of oil 
NorSrload, London er den storste og beromteste af alle 
Borge i de nordiske Lande. Saaledes bedder det allerede 
i Ragnar Lodbroks Saga 1 . Nordboers Besog hos Kong 
Athelstan , som residerede i London, omtales i Egils Saga 
og de norske Konge-Sagaer 2 . Den Gang var alt i flere 
Aarhundreder de Danskes Herredomrae i Northumberland 
og andre Dele af England, navnligen i Norfolk og Suffolk, 
af stor Betydning. Efterat Knud den Store havde ind- 
taget London og senere tiltaget sig Eneherredommet, 
vandt det en lignende Betydning i hele England, der varede 
i mange Aar. En stor Deel Nordboer, isa?r Danske, vare 
naturligviis den Gang nedsatte i England i betydelige 
Stillinger, navnligen ogsaa i London. 



! ) Fornaldar Sdgur Nor5rlanda 1 p. 289. — 2 ) Egils saga 
Skallagrimssonar c. 65, p. 467 ; Olafs saga Tryggvasonar c. 8— 9j 
Fornmanna Sogur 1, p. 16—17. 



04 BH DAKSK RUNBSTBBB PINDRN I LONDON. 

Det er et Monument, oprcttet upaatvivlelig af tvcnde 
af disse , vi her naermere skulle omtale. 

Vi skylde vort Selskabs i London boende, for dets 
Anliggender saerdeles nidkjaere Medlem John Brown, at 
vi blive i Stand til at give en noiagtig Meddelelse om 
dette Fund. Han henvendte sig nemlig, strax efterat 
Fundet var blevet bekjendt i London, til Mr. James T. 
Knowles junior, Architect, ved hvis foretagne Arbeider 
Steneo var fremkommen, som med storste Beredvillighed 
ikke alene meddelte os en omstaendelig Beretning om 
Fundet, men ogsaa sendte Selskabet den hoist velkomne 
Foreering af en Afstobning af Stenen, hvorved man saettes 
i Stand til at foretage en sikrere Undersogelse af Ind- 
skriften. 

Ved Brev af lite Decbr. 1852 sendte han vort 
Selskab Afstobningen af dette hoist interessante Rune- 
monument, som opgroves forrige August midt i London, 
( a in the heart of the city of London", som han udtrykker sig). 
I sin Skrivelse tilfoier han: 4t Skulde jeg ved Udforelsen 
af mine Arbeider som Architect traeffe flere saadanne 
Levninger fra Oltiden, som den der er Gjenstand for 
naervaerende Meddelelse, vil jeg fole en saerdeles Tilfreds- 
stillelse ved at oversende Beretning desangaaende til dem 
og saaledes at kunne paa nogen Maade fremme For- 
maalet for den skandinaviske Archa?olosie". 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 65 

London var fra Byens forste Tider deelt, i Retning 
fra Nord til Syd, ved en smuk Baek med godt Vand, der 
kom fra de norden for Byen beliggende Marker, gjennem- 
skar den Staden omgivende Muur og lob midt igjennem 
Byen ud i Themsen. Lige til det 13de Aarhundrede var 
London inddeelt i 24 Ovarterer, af hvilke 13 laa paa 
Ostsiden og 11 paa Vestsiden af den naevnte Ba?k, der 
formedelst dens Lob gjennem Murene (wall) kaldtes 
Wallbrooke. De paa Vestsiden liggende Ovarterer til- 
toge meget mere end de paa Ostsiden, hvorfor det ene 
af dem, Farringdon, som var betydelig udvidet ogsaa ved 
Bygninger udenfor Portene, blev ved en Parlamentsact i 
Aaret 1393 deelt i to Ovarterer, det ene udenfor Murene, 
det andet og aeldre indenfor samme. I dette Ovarteer 
t4 Farringdon ward within the walls" var St. Pauls Kirke 
med tilhorende Kloster og ovrige Bygninger beliggende 
paa samme Plads, som denne Kirke og naermeste Om- 
givelser endnu indtage. Kirken omgaves, som den endnu 
omgives, af St. Pauls Kirkegaard, der dog nu for en stor 
Deel er tagen til Bebyggelse for Privathuse, saa at man 
nu ved dette Navn alene betegner en Gade eller oval 
Plads, der er omgiven af Huse. Cathedralkirken grund- 
lagdes forst omtrent ved Aaret 610 af Ethelred, Konge 
af Kent, som skjenkede Landgods til St. Pauls Kloster. 
Blandt de Konger, som i den naermest folgende Tid rige- 
ligst begavede denne Kirke, naevnes Athelstan, Edgar, 
Knud den Store, Edvard Confessor og Vilhelm Erobreren. 

I Aaret 1086 braendte St. Pauls Kirke i den store 
Ildebrand, som fortaerede, tilligemed den, den storste Deel 
af Byen. Biskop Mauricius lagde da Grundvolden til en 
ny St. Pauls Kirke, en Bygning af saa betydeligt Om- 
fang, at Folk den Gang troede den aldrig kunde ventes fuld- 
fort. For at sikkre den mod lid, opfortes den paa Steen- 
buer, en indtil den Tid i England ubekjendt Bygnings- 

5 



60 EX DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

maade, der var indfort fra Frankrig, ligesom ogsaa Stenene 
hentedes fra Caen i Normandiet. Mauricius's Eftermand i 
Bispedommet, Richard Beamor udvidede Kirkens Terri- 
torium ved paa egen Bekostning at laegge til samme flerc 
store Gader og Straeder. I det 14de Aarhundrede onigaves 
Kirkegaarden med eo Muur. Omtrent midt paa Kirke- 
gaardens nordre Deel var det beromte Kors med der an- 
bragte Praedikestol, som holdtes for en af Nationens maerk- 
vaerdigste og hoitideligste Pladse, hvor gjennem Aar- 
hundreder de anseteste Theologer og storste La3rde havde 
praediket og hvor ogsaa hoitidelige Statsforhandlinger vare 
foretagne. Efter en Parlaments-Beslutning nedbrodes dette 
Kors i Aaret 1643, St. Pauls Cathedral odelagdes atter i 
Londons store Ildebrand 1666 og opfortes igjen i Aarene 
1675 til 1710, svarende til sin forrige Betydning. Den 
nye St. Pauls Kirke er den storste og pragtfuldeste i 
den protestantiske Christenhed og ved Opregningen af 
Kirkebygningerne i Europa anfores den bestandig umiddel- 
bar efter St. Peterskirken i Rom. 

Talrige Monumenter vidnede om de i den aeldre 
Kirke begravne. Erkenwalde, Biskop af London, var be- 
gravet i den gamle Kirke ved Aaret 700 og bans Legeme 
fortes over i den nye Kirke i Aaret 1140. Ost-Saxernes 
Konge Sebba begroves ogsaa i den gamle Kirke og flytte- 
des til den nye, ligeledes Vest-Saxernes Konge Ethelred 1 . 
Saavel i Harald Haardraades som i Edvard den Helliges 
Saga berettes det, at Kong Edvard dode i London og 
blev begraven i Pauls Kirke (var jardadr i Pals kirkju), 

J ) Jvfr. „The history and antiquities of London, by Thomas 
Allen, vol. Ill, London 1828" ; og isser C4 A Survey of London, 
conteyning the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate, and 
Description, written in the year 1598 by John .Stow ; a new edition 
by William J. Thorns, London 1842". 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 67 

og tilfoies der at han strax efter sin Dod forherligedes 
ved Mirakler, og han laa der i Jorden, lige til den hel- 
lige Erkebiskop Thomas tog ham op og lod ham laegge i 
et anseeligt Skriin. I Harald Haardraades Saga berettes 
endvidere, at Harald Godvinson, som derefter udraabtes til 
Konge, blev den 8de Dag i Julen 1066 sal vet i St. Pauls 
Kirke (var vigdr konungs vigslu i Pals kirkju) 1 . 

De forudskikkede Bemaerkninger ville tjene til at be- 
tegne Localiteten. Vi ville dernaest indfore Hr. Knowles 
Meddelelse om Fundet. 

Clapham Park December 1852. 

RUNE-GRAVSTEEN PRA ST. PAULS KIRKEGAARD 2 , LONDON. 

Den Steen, af hvis monumentale Afdeling den her- 
med folgende Astobning er en noiagtig Efterligning, blev 
opdaget ved Opgravning efter Grundvold for Messrs 
Cook Sooner & Co.'s nye Pakhuus paa Sydsiden af 
St. Pauls Kiikegaard, i August Maaned dette Aar. 

I en Dybde af noget mere end 20 Fod fra Overfladen, 
naaede man den naturlige Grundflade, bestaaende af en 
compact morkeguul sandsteenagtig Sand, som bedaekker 
et Lag af Kiselsteens-Gruus. Paa Overfladen af denne 
Sand fandtes den udhugne Steen, og ved- dens nordre Side 
var der udgravet en lang ildegjort Fordybning, haeldende 
fra Syd til Nord med en Vinkel af 16° til 20°, og denne 
indeholdt et Menneskeskelet. Hovedskallen med naesten 
alle Benene blev kastet i den nye Udhulning og saaledes 
begravet igjen ; men femur og tibia af det ene Been 

') Haralds saga harSra5a c. 112, Fornmanna Sdgur VI, 396$ 
Saga JatvarSar konungs hins helga c. 6, Annaler f. nord. Oldk. 
og Hist, naerv. Bind p*30. — 2 ) Church-yard, et Navn paa en Gade, 
eller rettere den Raekke Huse paa begge Sider, som danne en oval 
Figur omkring St. Pauls-Kirken. 

5* 



(58 K\ DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

tilligemed tibia af det andet bleve heldigviis opbevarede, 
og disse ere nu i min Besiddelse og gjemmes for det Bri- 
tiske Museum. 

Selve Stenen er af en meget skjor Oolith sandsynlig 
af Bath-Oolith. Dens Dimensioner ere: 1 Fod I0£ Tomme 
bred; 2 Fod 4 J Tomme lang ; da 10* Tomme af den 
nederste Deel vare nedgravne i Jorden, var Tykkclsen 
4 Tommer ved den overste Deel og 5 Tommer ved den 
nederste nedgravne og kun grovt tilhuggede Ende. Den 
noiagtige Storrelse af den indhuggede Deel er 18J Tomme 
den ene Vei og 13| Tomme den anden. 

Det vil bemaerkes at Pladen er sonderbrudt i 4 Stykker, 
det femte Stykke blev kastet i en af de opfyldte Grave, 
men dets Tab er af ingen Vigtighed , eftersom hele den 
nederste Deel af Stenen er kun grovt tilhugget paa den 
mest kluntede Maade, og denne havde iiiensynlig vaeret 
nedgravet i Jorden. 

Kanten af Pladen viser , ved den Maade hvorpaa 
dens tilhuggede Overflade ender (det vil sige hele den 
Deel af Stenen , som ei var nedgravet) , den Heldings- 
Vinkel, under hvilken denne antiqve Hoved-Steen blev op- 
slillet. Denne var omtrent 30 °, idet Stenens indhuggede 
Front dannede en stump Vinkel med Jordens Overflade af 
naesten 60 °. 

Sculpturens overste Overflade har vaeret bedaekket 
med en meget morkeblaa Farve, som endnu er ret kjende- 
lig paa Orginalen. Runerne ere dybt indhuggede. 

Den Afstobning, som ledsager denne Meddelelse, kan 
man forlade sig paa som en tro Afskrift og et paalideligt 
Facsimile af saa meget af dette interessante Monument, som 
den indeholder. Det ovrige kan klart opfattes af efter- 
fdlgende Skitse (jfr. den her tilfoiede Afbildning af Stenen). 

P. S. Man kan gjore den Bemaerkning, at, hvorvel 
Rune-Inscriptionen bliver betragtet som ufuldstaendig af 



EN DANSK RUNESTEElV FUXDEK 1 L0XD0X. 60 

adskillige engelske Laerde — saa opdages dog aldeles 
intet Spor af nogensomhelst anden Skrift paa Pladen — 
hvis Fuldendthed og fuldstaendige Opbevaring fore til den 
sikre Slutoing, at ingen videre Indskrift nogensinde for 
fandtes derpaa. Og hvad det tabte Stykke angaaer, saa 
niaa det, som allerede er bemaerket, have vaeret aldeles 
utilhugget — og saaledes nedgravet at det aldrig kom til- 
syne. 

Jeg vilde ogsaa hendrage Opmaerksomheden — som 
noget der er aldeles afgjorende — paa SIutnings-Linien, 
paa Pladens Kant, som, da den er en Fortsaettelse af den 
krumme Linie paa Stenens Front, synes at tilkjendegive 
Skriftens Fuldstaendighed i den Retning. 

James T. Kxowles. 

Efter den meddelte Afstobning give vi her (tab. I) 
en Afbildning af Stenen, seet fra Siden, saa at ogsaa 
den derpaa anbragte Runeindskrift bliver synlig. Iovrigt 
fremstiller denne Afbildning hele Pladen i en Sjettedeels 
Storrelse, saaledes som den forefandtes, Kun den overste 
Deel af Forsiden er udhugget med Forestillinger i Relief 
indenfor en Indfatning, der foroven i begge Hjorner er 
prydet med Arabesker. Der forestilles paa Pladen en 
phantastisk fiirfoddet Dyrfigur; det med tvende tilbage- 
staaende Takker forsynede Hoved er tilbagevendt og har 
to Hugtaender og fremstaaende Tunge; Kloerne have en 
saeregen krummet Form. Forunderlige Boininger og Sno- 
ninger ere anbragte over Dyrets bageste Deel samt tvaers 
over og mellem dets Hale og Bagbeen. En mindre Drage- 
figur er anbragt foran den storre Dyrfigur og med den 
bageste Deel, der ender sig i en tvedeelt Hale, snoet ind 
imellem det store Dyrs krydslagte Forbeen. 

Lignende Forestillinger af Dyr finder man paa ikke 
faa Runestene her i Borden; man sammenligne isaer 



70 



EN DAN8K RUNESTEEK FUNDEN I LONDON. 



f. Ex. de svenske Runestene, som ere afbildede i Bautil 
Nr. 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 758, 760, 956, 968, og med 
Hensyn til Snoningerne isaer Nr. 560, 649, 653, 660 med 
flere. Vi gjenkjende de samme Motiver og den samme 
Kunstsmag, som Monumenteme fra Jellinge fremvise, saa- 
vel de i Thyres Hoi fundne Oldsager, for en stor Dee! 
bestaaende af Snitvaerk, som i Saerdeleshed Kong Gorm 
den Gamles Mindesteen 1 . 

Runeindskriften er anbragt paa Kanten til Venstre i 
samme Udstraekning som Forestillingen paa Siden, hvilket 
lader antage at den er fuldstaendig. Den er indhugget i 
to ved en Tvaerstreg afdelte Linier, saaledes at Slutnings- 
linien begynder ved den Ende, hvor den forste Linies 
sidste Rune staaer, og man maa vende sig for at laese 
den, hvad man i gammel grassk Skrift pleier at kalde 
Po\)ffTpo<p7joov. Vedstaaende Afbildning viser Indskriftens 
Stilling og Characterer: 



1 : B ++ 


: U±Ul P 


[A 


! hH 1 


wwm 


T 



Udtrykt med latinske Bogstaver laeses denne Ind- 
skrift saaledes: 

KONA : LET : LEGIA : ST 
: 13QI : 3I1V : ISM34 : MI 

Kona; den forste Rune er noget beskadiget, men 
sees dog tydelig at vaere K, eftersom Begyndelsen af Tvaer- 
stregen foroven er bestemt. Af den anden Rune er kun 
Hovedstaven tilbage; men foran denne er afskallet et Stykke 
af Stenen, saa at det maa ansees rimeligt at der har 
staaet s|. Der kan ikke have staaet I\, da den bevarede 



] ) man sammenholde den n?este Artikel i nservacrende Bind. 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 71 

Stav, der maatte have vaeret den bageste af dette Bogstav, 
gaaer heelt op til Kanten. Kona, der som Faellesnavn 
betyder en Kvinde eller Hustru, kunde vel, ligesom Kuna 
i enkelte svenske Runestene (Liljegren 431, 1317), vaere 
et Kvindenavn; imidlertid antager jeg det dog for rimeligere 
at [^ fra det folgende Old her maa, ta3nkt fordoblet, foies 
til det foregaaende Ord, saa at vi maa laese Navnet Konal 
eller egentlig Konall. Det var nemlig en Kegel, som 
saedvanlig iagttoges i Runeindskrifter, at man ikke satte 
samme Bogstav to Gange ved Siden af hinanden men 
kun een Gang og antog det fordoblet. Man kunde synes 
at det havde vaeret rimeligere at have foiet h til Navnet 
og udeladt det i det folgende Gjerningsord let, imprf. aUdta, 
men Runeristeren har vel anseet den her fulgte Fremgangs- 
maade for tydeligere. Som overeensstemmende Exempler an- 
fores Vedyxestenen (L l 21l, B 2 404): kuf) hjalbi hos al uk 
u])smuf)ir, d. e. ku[) hjalbi hons salu uk ku{)s mu{>ir; Lof- 
stadstenen (L 141, B 477): Kardar : auk : utirik, d. e. 
Kardar auk Kutirik; Tjursakerstenen (L 441, B 99): 
Sibi : auk : irmuntr, d. e. Sibi auk Kirmuntr ; Haringe- 
stenen (L 264): JJurbiurn : auk : nutr . . . hon salu kuf)S, d. e. 
Jiurbiurn auk Knutr . . . hons salu uk kuf>s; Hogelbystenen 
(L 816, B 685): auk ; ufraiij), d. e. auk Kuf)mu[). 

legia; der staaer egentlig K, men af Afbildningen vil 
bemaerkes, at her den Deel af Stenen mellem Hoved-Staven 
og Tvaerstregen foroven er afskallet, og har hoist rimelig 
en Prik vaeret anbragt i Aabningen, hvorved denne Afskalling 
lettere har kunnet foranlediges. Naar Y taenkes fordoblet, 
bliver det leggja efter almindelig islandsk Skrivemaade. 

stin for stein, ace. af steinn, en hyppig forekommende 
Skrivemaade af Ordet. 



*) J. G. Liljegren, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. — 2 ) Bautil 
m. Anra. af J. GOransson, Stockholm 1750. 



72 ex daxsk ruxesteen funden i London. 

J)exsi, en Form som ogsaa jevnlig forekoramer for 
ace. penna af pessi, f. Ex. paa Soderby-Stenen (L 1356), 
Larfs-Stenen (L 1390). 

auk; saaledes skrives denne Conjunction saedvanlig 
i Runeindskrifterne. 

Tuki. et ofte forekommende nordisk, navnlig dansk 
Mandsnavn. 

Denne Indskrift bliver altsaa efter Olddanskens senere 
anvendte saedvanlige islandske Skrivemaade : Konall let 
leggja stein f)ensi (f)enna) ok Tiiki, d. e. Konal og Tuke 
lode laegge denne Steen. 

Konall er et islandsk eller oldnordisk Mandsnavn af 
irsk Oprindelse. ct Oct ConaiH", otte Konall bleve draebte 
i Slaget ved Magh Rath i Aaret 637 1 . Forta3llingen om 
dette Slag er fra Slutningen af det 12te Aarhundrede; Ud- 
giveren O'Donovan tilfoier i en Note: Conall er endnu i 
Brug blandt enkelte Familier som et Mands Egennavn, men 
almindeligst som et Familienavn, i hvorvel det ikke synes 
rimeligt at Familienavnet O'Connell udiedes fra det , efter- 
som dette er en angliseret Form fra det irske O'Conghail. 
Familien Conall nedstammer fra Conall Gulban, Son af 
Niall of the nine hostages, Eneherre over Irland i det 
4de Aarhundrede 2 . Een af de Helgene, som dyrkedes paa 
den skotske Arran, hed ogsaa St. Conall 3 . 



a ) JvfY. The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh 
Rath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, published 
by the Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin 1842 p. 290—291. — 
*) Jvfr. The Circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach Mac Neill, 
Prince of Aileachj a poem, written in the year 942 by Cormacan 
Eigeas, chief poet of the North of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan, 
published by the Ir. Arch. Soc, Dublin 1841 p. 50. — 3 ) See 
A chorographical description of West or H-lar Connaught, by 
O'FIaherty, edited by J. Hardiman, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc, 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUND EX I LONDON. 73 

I vort Nordeus, navnligeo Islands, Oldskrifter, er 
Konall et oftere forekommende Navn. Landnamabok an- 
forer alene sex Personer, der bare det. 

Berses Sooner Thormod den Gamle og Ketil droge 
fra Irland til Island og toge i Besiddelse hele Akranes paa 
Sonderlandet mellem Orrida-aa og Kalmans-aa; de vare irske; 
Kalman var ogsaa irsk , efter hvem Aaen er opkaldt , og 
boede forst paa Katanes. Thormod var Fader til Berse og 
Geirlaug, som var gift med Onund breidskegg, deres Son 
var den bekjendte Tungu-Odd. Ketils Son var Jorund den 
Christne, som boede paa Jorundarholt paa Akranes, senere 
benaevnt Gardar. Edna var en Datter af Ketil Bersason; 
bun var gift med en Mand paa Irland, som hed Konall. 
deres Son var Asolf alskik ; ban udvandrede til Island og 
landede i Osar i Ostfjordene. Han var vel christen og 
vilde ikke have Omgang med Hedningerne og ikke mod- 
tage Spise af dem. De droge tolv sammen ostenfra, ind- 
til de kom til Thorgeir den Hordskes Gaard i Holt under 
Ofjeldene og opsatte der deres Telt. Der byggede Asolf 
sig en Skaale under Ofjeldene paa ' det Sted, som nu 
hedder den ostligste Asolfs Skaale ; man var begjerlig efter 
at vide, hvad han havde til Fode, og man bemaerkede da i 
Skaalen mange Fiske. Der lob en Aa taet ved Asolfs 
Skaale; det var i Begyndelsen af Vinteren, Aaen blev 
strax fuld med Fiske. Thorgeir besvaerede sig over at de 
benyttede bans Fiskeplads. Asolf drog da bort derfra 
og byggede sig en anden Skaale, senere kaldet Midskaale. 
laengere vesterpaa ved en anden Aa, som benaevnes Ir-aa, 
eftersom de vare irske Maend. Da de nu kom til denne 
Aa, var den strax opfyldt af Fiske, saa at Folk syntes 

Dublin 1846 p. 75. Det bemferkes at et < t Castle Connell" omtales 
i Jacobi Grace Kilkenniensis Annales Hiberniae, ed. by the Rev. 
B. Butler, publ. by the lr. Arch. Soo. Dublin 1842 p. 83. 



7-i EN DAN8K RUNE8TEEK FUNDEN I LONDON. 

ikke at have seet saadant Under, men nu vare alle Fiske 
borte af den ostligere beliggende Aa. Da joge Herredets 
Beboere dem bort derfra, og Asolf drog nu laengere vest paa, 
hvor han byggede den vestligste Asolfs-Skaale; men det 
gik her paa samme Maade. Bonderne ansaae dem for trold- 
kyndige, ihvorvel Thorgeir paastod at de vare brave Maend. 
Om Vaaren droge de bort og vesterpaa til Akranes til 
Asolfs Fraende Jorund. Denue indbod ham til at forblive 
hossig; men da han onskede ikke at vrere hos andre Folk, 
lod Jorund opfore et Huus for ham paa Indre-Holm; der- 
hen bragte de ham Spise, og der var han, saalaenge han 
levede. Der blev han ogsaa begraveo, og hvor hans Grav- 
sted er, opfortes en Kirke. Han holdes for at vaere en 
meget hellig Mand, om hvem ogsaa Legender berettes 1 . 
Den ovennaevnte Kalman var af syderoisk Slaegt; han 
udvandrede til Island, landede i Hvalfjord i Sydfjerdingen 
og nedsatte sig ved Kalmansaa , men tog siden Land i 
Besiddelse vestenfor Hvitaa mellem denne og Fljot , hele 
Kalmanstunga, hvor han bosatte sig. Kylan hed Kalmans 
Broder, hans Son var Kare, som havde Stridigheder med 
Karle paa Karlastad, der var frigiven af Rolf paa Geitland; 
denne Karles Fader hed Konall og var upaatvivlelig ogsaa 
en Irlaender 2 . Dette Navn kan, som ovenanfort, antages at 
vaere fra Irland kommet til Island, hvor saavel i som efter 
Landnamstiden flere bare det. Saaledes hed Olver Barna- 
karls Sonneson Konall , hvis Datter Alfdis den Bareyske 
aegtede den beromte Landnamskone Aude den Grundriges 
Sonneson Oleif feilan, Son nemlig af hendes Son Thorstein 
Rod , der havde vaeret Konge over en Deel af Skotland 
men var falden i et Slag imod Skotterne 3 . Samme Navn 

') Landnamabdk I, 15, Isl. SOgur I p. 49—52. — ') Landn. 
Ill, 1, Isl. Sflgur 1 p. 64-65. — 3 ) Landn. II, 19- V, II, Isl. 
Siigur 1 p. H6, 309. 



E!f DANSK RUNE8TEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 75 

bar ogsaa en Son af Ketil fra Hordaland i Norge og 
denne Konals Sonneson , Sokkes Son, lied igjen Konall. 
Starafaderen Ketil Thorsteinson boede i Reykjadal paa 
Nordlandet, hvor den danske Maud Nattfare, der i Aaret 
863 var fulgt ud med Islands forste Opdager Gardar 
Svavarson , havde, et Decennium for Nordmanden Ingolf 
kom til Landet, nedsat sig og tilkjendegivet sin Besiddelses- 
tagen af Districtet ved Maerker paa Traeerne, men hvorfra 
Ketils Broder Einar havde fordrevet ham, saa han maatte 
tage sin Bopael i den efter ham opkaldte Nattfaravig. Man 
traeffer saaledes Navnet Konall saavel paa Sonder- og Vester- 
landet som paa Nordlandet i Landnamstiden , og det har 
ogsaa i den folgende Tid vedligeholdt sig i Landet. I den 
ma3rkelige Praestefortegnelse af 1143, affattet for det fore- 
staaende Bispevalg og indeholdende Navnene paa nogle 
ansete Praester , som vare indfodte i Island , forekommer 
paa Nordlandet Bjarne Conalsson l . I Beretniogen om 
Slaget paa Videnes 1208 mellem Biskop Gudmund Arason 
og Kolbein Tumason naevnes blandt de Maend, der under- 
stottede Biskoppen og strede tappert paa hans Side, 
Konall Sokkason , uden Tvivl , efter Navnene at domme, 
der gjerne vedligeholdt sig i Familien , en Descendent af 
den ovennaevnte Mand af samme Navn 2 . I Beretningen 
om Eyulf Thorsteinsons Angreb paa Gissur Thorvaldson 
paa Flugumyre i 1253 naevnes blandt Eyulfs Vaabenfaeller 
Ragnhildes Sooner Brynju-Hallr og Konall 3 . 

Ogsaa her i selve Scandinavien finder man Navnet 
Konall anvendt i en tidlig Periode; det forekommer saa- 
ledes i Indskriften paa en Runesteen i Upland, paa Trock- 
hammar-Stenen i Ska Sogn , Farentuna Herred (L 356, 
B 286): Kiulakr : lit : raisa : stain : iftir : kvih svain sin : 

2 ) Isl. S6gur 1 p. 381 og facsimilet tab. iij. — 2 ) Sturlunga 
Saga II p. 5, 6, 12. — 3 ) Sturlunga Saga 111 p. 131. 



76 EN DANSK RUNB8TEE.V FUNDEN I LONDON. 

KlYM'h (Kunal) , der efter den saedvanlige Retakrivning 
maatte hedde: Kjulakr let reisa stein eftir kvikan svein 
sinn Kunal, d. e. Kjulak Iod reise denne Steen efter sin 
raske Svend Kunal. 

Navnet Toki var allerede fra aeldgamle Tider anvendt 
i Danmark saavelsom i andre Dele af Norden. Blandt 
Harald Hildetands Kaemper i Slaget paa Brovallahede 
na3vnes i Sogubrot af Skjoldiinga Saga 1 en Toki og blandt 
de flere, som Saxo fortrinsviis anforer som ypperlige i dette 
Slag, var ogsaa denne tt Toki Jumensi provincia ortus (fra 
Jura eller Jom)'' 2 . Saavel Saxo som andre historiske Skrifter 
anfore baade tidligere og senere flere Personer af dette Navn. 

Meget hyppig forekommer ogsaa det samme Navn i 
Runeindskrifter saavel i Danmark som i Sverige, og skrives 
det derstundum T4M, men oftest, aldeles som i Londoner- 
Stenen, ThKI, der i nyere Dansk er gaaet over til Tyge 
(Tycho). Sjeldnere forekomme Formerne t^KIR. og (>hKlK. 
Vi ville her indskraenke os til at naevne alene tre af de 
Runestene i Sverige, paa hvilke dette Navn forekommer. 
I Angarns Sogn, Vallentuna Herred i Upland, Jigger en 
Steen (L 969 , B 94) til Erindriug om en Tukir , som 
omkom i Graekenland; i Hogby Sogn , Gostrings Herred i 
Ostergotland findes en (L 1180, B 882), som en Jukir 
har sat efter sin Faetter Asur , der ogsaa dode i Gra3ken. 
land. Paa Kaga-Stenen, Hanekinds Herred i Ostergotland 
(L 1145, B 850) la3ses : Ruf)r : risti : stin : j)ansi : eftir; 
Tuki : bru[)ur : sin : sar : var J) : tribin : a: I lati : tri£r: 
ar[)a : ku[)r:, efter saedvanlig Skrivemaade: Riitr (Hriitr) risti 
stein ftenna eftir Tuki, bro^ur sinn, sa er varo drepinn a 
Englandi (a Mlanti eller a Eylandi) , drengr harola go&r, 
d. e. Rut ristede denne Steen efter sin Broder Tukii , 

a ) Fornaldar Sfigur NorSrlanda, ed. C. C. Rafn, 1 p. 379. — 
u ) Hist. Danica, rec. P. E. Mliller 1. p. 379. 



EN DANSK RTJNESTEEN FUNDEN 1 LONDON. 77 

som blev draebt i England, en meget brav Mand. Paa Rune- 
stene i Danmark finder man dette Navn endnu hyppigere, og 
er der Formen WKI almindeligst. Paa Hjarup-Stenen, Up- 
akra Sogn, Bara Herred i Skane (L 1439, W 154 1 ) laeses: 
Nafni : risf>i : stin : f)isi . iftir : Tuka : bropur sin .... han : 
var]) : vistr : tuf)r : d. e. Nafne ristede denne Steen efter 
sin Broder Tuke , han dode i Vesterleden , altsaa paa de 
britiske Oer. I Heilestad Kirkemuur, Torna Herred, lige- 
ledes i Skane, forekommer Navnet Tuki (gen. og ace. 
Tuka) paa tre Stene (L 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172) fern 
Gange og naevnes en ThKI • KhfcYh: HIM*, Tuki Kurms sun 
d. e. Toke Gormsson. Paa Bregninge Stenen , Musse 
Herred paa Laaland (L J 490, W 262) naevnes tvende 
Tuke'r. Aars Stenen i Aalborg Amt har tvende Indskrifter, 
den ene i Fornyr&alag, over Hovdingen Valtoke, |\+|^N\K+ 
(acc.\ et Navn dannet af valr, en Hog eller en Valplads, 
og Tuki, ligesom Valbrandr, Valborg 2 . Thordrup-Stenen, 
Hundborg Hoved, Thisted Amt, (L 1507, W 293) naevner 
en Tuku, TI\KI\ (ace.), ligesom Navnet anfores, ligeledes 
i flee, Tuko , 1^hK+ paa Falsberga-Stenen , Valby Sogn, 
Trogds Herred i Upland (L 688, B 615). Tillidse-Stenen i 
Sonder Herred paa Laaland (L 1609, W 252-253), ligesom 
Staby-Stenen i Ostmo Sogn i Sodermanland (L 834, B 673), har 
Navnet Toki 'TfcKl, aldeles som Oldskrifterne, og et Rogelse- 
kar (L 1960) i Museet for nordiske Oldsager i Kjoben- 
havn: Toke. Ellers forekommer Tuki. Den Tuki smif)r, 
som omtales paa Runestenen ved Kirkedoren i Grendsteen 
i Viborg Amt (L 1513, W 313) er mulig den samme, 
hvem en nylig paa Horning Mark i Skanderborg Amt 
funden, hidtil ubekjendt, Ruuesteen skyldes , paa hvilken 
laeses : Tuki : smibr : ri{) : stin : ift : Jurgisl : Ku[)mutar : 

') O. Worm , Monuraenta Danica. — 5 ) Finn Magnnsens 
Undersogelse i Ant. Tidsskrift 1843-1845 p. 182-185 og tab. V. 



78 E\ DAXSK RUNRSTFRA PUNDEW I LONDON. 

sun : is : hanum : kaf : ku|) : uk : frialsi , efter sa3dvanlig 
Skrivemaade : Toki smior reit stein eftir JorgisI Guo- 
mundarson, is honum gaf guo ok frjalsi, d. e. Toke Smed 
ristede Runerne paa Stenen efter Thorgils Gudmundson, 
som gav ham Gud (omvendte ham til Christendommen) 
og Frihed. Foruden paa tidligere bekjendte forekommer 
Navnet WKI ogsaa paa tvende nylig fundne , den ene i 
Gylling By i INaerheden af Horsens, den anden paa Fjelle- 
rad Mark i Gunderup Sogn , Aalborg Amt. 

Blandt de danske Toker ere imidlertid de, der tilhore 
den beromte fyenske Slagt, de i Historien maerkeligste *. 
Ton a Fjoni havde med sin Kone Thorvor tvende 
Sonner Aki eller Aage , som draebtes af Harald Blaatands 
Maend, fordi man frygtede hans Magt, og Palner eller Paine. 
Palnes Son var den beromte Palnatokei Fyen, en af den Tids 
maegtigste Maend i Danmark. Han gjorde, omtrent i Aaret 
956, et Tog til England og kom til Bretland eller Wales, 
hvor han aegtede Olof, en Datter af Stefner Jarl; han (ik 
da Jarlsnavn og det halve af Stefner Jarls Rige, hvis Be- 
styrelse han overdrog til Bjorn den Bretske , Olofs Fost- 
broder , der havde raadet til Giftermaalet. Med sin Kone 
havde han Sonnen Aage (Aki), der var Fostbroder til Kong 
Haralds Son Svend Tveskaeg, hvem Palnatoke understottede 
imod hans Fader. Palnatoke besogte jevnlig sin Sviger- 
fader i Bretland , men opholdt sig dog i laengere Tid for 
det meste i Danmark. Efter Styrbjorns Dod blev han 
Hovding i Jomsborg og gav Jomsvikingerne Love. Efterat 
han (i 985) havde draebt Harald Blaatand, og Svend Tveskaeg 
var udraabt til Konge , reiste han igjen til Bretland , hvor 
hans Svigerfader var dod , hvis Rige han nu tog i Be- 
siddelse. Da han , Iedsaget af Bjorn den Bretske , efter 

*) Jvfr. J6msvikinga Saga c. 14 flg. , Fornmanna Sogur II 
p. 43 flg. 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 79 

Svend Tveskaegs Indbydelse, var tilstede ved det af denne 
(i 988) foranstaltede Gravol efter Faderen, var Halvdelen af 
hans Mandskab Danske og den anderi Halvdeel Britter. 
Paa dette Gravol vedkjendte Palnatoke sig Haralds Drab 
og drog derefter igjen tilhage til Bretland og herjede efter 
Olofs Dod i flere Somre paa Skotland og Irland. Hans 
Sonneson, den unge V T agn Aageson (Akason) var optagen i 
Forbundet i Jomsborg og deeltog med Jomsvikingerne i Slaget 
i Hjorungavaag 995 , hvor ban toges til Fange men 
skjenkedes Livet. Han havde en Son, som hed Aage og 
var Hovding paa Bornholm (f 1020) og denne igjen en 
Son Vagn (f c. 1050), hvis Son Aage ogsaa var Hovding 
paa Bornholm (f 1080). 

Grev Pallig eller Paling, upaatvivlelig Paine, som var 
gift med Gunnhild, en Datter af Harald Blaatand, kom fra 
Danmark til England , hvor han med sin Kone gik over 
til Christendommen. Han holdt snart med det ene, snart 
med det andet af de da i England stridende Partier. Han 
blev rigelig begavet med Jordegods , Guld og Solv af 
Kong Ethelred , men , da Kongen hadede de i Landet 
vaerende Danske, lod ogsaa denne sig bestemme til at tage 
sine Landsmaends Parti. Efter Kong Ethelreds Befaling, 
udstaedt til de forskjellige Landskaber i England, at myrde 
alle der boende Danske uden Hensyn til Stand, Alder eller 
Kjon, udfortes dette skraekkelige Blodbad paa St. Briccii 
Dag, den 13de November, 1002. Blandt de ved denne 
Leilighed myrdede var ogsaa Grev Paine og hans Hustru 
Gunnhild samt deres spaede Son. Denne Paine var hoist 
rimelig, hvilket Suhm ogsaa antager, en Son af Palnatoke, 
opkaldt efter dennes Fader. Derfor synes at tale saavel 
Navnet som Svogerskabet og den Betydning, denne Mand 
vandt i England strax ved hans Ankomst i dette Land; 

l ) Suhms Hist, af Danmark 3 B. S. 337 flg., 350-351. 



80 K\ DANSK RVNB8TREM VU,\DKN I LONDON. 

og neppe har han eller Broderen undladt , efter den Tids 
almindelige Skik , at opkalde en af sine Sonner efter sin 
beromte Fader. At en saadan Toke ikke naevnes i vore 
nordiske Oldskrifter , kan have sin rimelige Grund i den 
Omstaendighed , at han er bleven opdragen i England og 
er forbleven der bosiddende. Antager man en saadan Toke 
fodt i 990 og en Son af ham , hvem man har givet det i 
Familien hyppige Navn Aage, 30 Aar derefter i 1020, saa 
vilde i Aaret 1050 Faderen have vaeret 60 Aar gammel 
og Sonnen 30 Aar. 

Omtrent fra dette Aar , eller i alt Fald fra eet af 
Aarene 1046-1060, er et Gavebrev af Biskop Ealdred 
(Wigornensis ecclesiae episcopus) til Munkene ved vor 
Frue St. Marise Kirke i Worcester (Uuigornaceastre), ifolge 
hvilket han skjenker til denne Kirke et Landgods (rus) 9 
kaldet Deotinctun , tilligemed en dertil liggende Landsby 
iElfsigestun. Dette Landgods havde Kongens meget maegtige 
og *rige Hirdmand (proepotens et dives minister regis) 
Toke for sin Levetid besiddet frit for alle Afgifter med 
Undtagelse af de Kongelige , men han havde for sin Dod 
ved Testament skjenket det til Biskoppen formedelst det 
mellem dem bekraeftede Venskab og for sin Sjaels Fred; 
men hans Son ved Navn Aage (Aki) i en maegtig Mand og 
ligeledes Kongens Hofsinde, vilde gjore Faderens Testa- 
ment ugyldigt og tilbagefordrede Landgodset som sig III- 
horende ifolge hans Arveberettigelse efter Faderen. Da 
imidlertid saavel Kongen som Leofric Jarl og denne Pro- 
vinds's ovrige ypperste Maend bifaldt og samtykte Gaven, 
havde Aage mod et Vederlag af 8 Mark reneste Guld 
overdraget ham det, frigjort saavel fra hans Fordring som 
fra hvilkensomhelst Fordring , der kunde grunde sig paa 
Arveberettigelse, og ved et ved Vidner bekraeftet skriftligt 
Document bestemt, at Biskoppen skulde kunne uden nogen 
Modsigelse give eller saelge det til hvemsomhelst han vilde. 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FU^DEN I LONDON. 81 

Dette maerkelige Document er underskrevet af Kong Edvard 
og Dronning Eadgid, af selve Biskop Ealdred, af Hoveds. 
maendene Leofric , iElfgar og Odda , og af Hirdmaendene 
Ovvine, Wagen, Berthric iElfgarson, Atsor og Osgod. Af 
de her naevnte Vidner er Wagen (Vagn) riraeligviis af selv 
samme Sla?gt, og, ligesom Odda, Adzer (Ozur) og Asgaut, 
af dansk Herkomst. 

Det er upaatvivlelig den samme her naevnte Toki, der 
ogsaa anfores i en Deel andre Documentor fra den naermest 
foregancnde Tid , saaledes i et af Knud den Store af 
1019, hvor han na3vnes: Toga minister, i et af samme 
1033: Tokig miles, i et af Biskop iEdelnod i 1033: Tokig, 
i et af Hardeknud 1042 ligeledes: Tokig miles, i et af 
Eadweard 1042: Toky minister, i et af Eadweard 1043: 
Dokig minister. Sonner upaatvivlelig af denne Toke: Care 
(Kari), Ulf og Askyl naevnes i Documenter af 1046 og 
1060 2 . Vi have her en Toke fra den Tid, den i Loudon 
fundne Runesteen kan antages at vaere, og er det vist Ikke 
usandsynligt , at det er netop ham , som naevnes i dens 
Indskrift. 

De puncterede Runers Anvendelse i Indskriften, I , som 
forekommer tre Gange, og Y , der rimeligviis maa Iaeses 
saaledes i det treclie Ord , henviser til en noget senere 
Tid, end den de aeldste bevarede Runeindskrifter tilhore, 
og passer godt for den her angivne Tidsalder. 

En Saeregenhed ved Runerne er ogsaa de paa Bi- 
stavene eller Tvaerstregeme anbragte Prikker. Aldeles lig- 
nende findes paa den ene af Sjonhem-Stenene paa Gulland 



a ) See Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici ; opera Johannis 
M. Kemble, Londini t. IV. 1816, p. 75, 138-139 ; 141-113; t. VI. 
1848 p. 194, 195, 197. Jvfr. The Saxon Chronicle ed. John 
Ingram p. 284-285 , hvor der ved Aaret 1079 narvnes en Tokig 
Viggodes sun. 

6 



82 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

(L 1592) ifolge en mig af Carl Save velvilligen med- 
deelt, nylig af hans Broder P. A. Save udfort Tegning; 
og kan denne Indskrift , som omtaler en Mand , der blev 
draebt i Valachiet, rimeligviis ogsaa antages at vaere fra 
det samme Aarhundrede. Paa disse Sjonhem-Stene findes 
Slangeflgurer med Slyngninger, der ligne dem, som ere an- 
bragte paa og ved de paa Londoner-Stenen forestillede 
Dyr. Som ovenanfort, findes de samme Motiver paa 
Gorm den Gamles Mindesteen ved Jellinge, der egner sig 
til at fremstilles til Sammenligning. 



De her ommeldte Documenter ere udgivne i u Codex 
diplomaticus aevi Saxonici opera Johannis M. Kemble". 
Da dette vigtige Vaerk er sjeldent her i Norden , har jeg 
troet det hensigtsmaessigt at vedfoie her fire af disse 
Documenter, af hvilke de tvende angelsaxiske meddeeltes 
med Oversaettelse af George Stephens. De to forste af 
disse Documenter vedkomme Donationer af Kong Knud 
den Store til St. Pauls Monasterium eller Kirke i London, 
det tredie af Erkebiskop iEdelnod anmelder en testamen- 
tarisk Bestemmelse af Tokigs (rimeligviis den samme 
Tokes) Fraende Wulfnad , og det fjerde er ovenmeldte 
Actstykke af Biskop Ealdred, vedkommende det Testament, 
hvorved Kongens maegtige og rige Hofsinde Toke over- 
drog Biskoppen Landgodset Deotinctun med tilliggende 
Landsby ^Ifsigestun. 

MCCCXIX. CNUT, omtrent 1033 (t. VI p. 183). 
"J" Ic Cnud cyng grete mine biscopes and mine eorles 
and ealle mine [)egenas on oan sciran ftaer mine preostas 
on sanctes Paules mynstre habbab land inne freondh'ce; 
and ic ci5e eow <baet ic vvylle &aet hig beon heora saca 
here and socna weorS , tolles and teames , binnan tid and 
biiton tid, and svva full and swa for5 swa hig haifdon on 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 83 

aeniges cynges deage fyrmest on aellan J)ingan , binnan 
burh and biitan; and ic nelle geoafian Saet nan man set 
aenigum f)ingan heom misbeode. And oyses is to gewit- 
nesse , iEgelnoft arcebiscop, and iElfric arcebiscop , and 
JE\w\ biscop , and iElfwine biscop , and Duduce biscop, 
and Godwine eorl, and Leofric eorl, and Osgod Clape, and 
Bored, and 65re genoge. God hine aweorge 5e ois awaende. 
d e. Jeg Knud Konge hilser mine Biskopper og mine 
Jailer og alle mine Undersaatter i den Shire (Provinds), 
hvor mine Praester til St. Pauls Domkirke eie Landgods; 
og jeg forkynder at jeg vil at de skulle vaere Herrer over 
disses Jurisdiction og Asylret, deres Told og Appellret i 
alle Henseender, og dette i en saa fuld Udstrsekning som 
de besade dem i nogen Konges Tid , fremst for alle Ting 
baade uden Borg og inden; og jeg vil ei taale at nogen- 
somhelst foruretter dem i nogen Henseende. Og herpaa 
ere Vidner iEgelnod Erkebiskop og iElfric Erkebiskop og 
iEIwi Biskop og Duduce Biskop og Godwin Jarl og Leofric 
Jarl og Osgod Clape og Thored og endvidere flere. Gud 
ham forbande, som dette vil hindre ! 

MCCCXX. CNUT, omtrent 1033 (t. VI p. 183). 

-J- In nomine domini dei saluatoris nostri Ihesu 
Christi! Ego Cnudus Anglorum rex concedo tibi iElfwino 
episcopo, pro meae animae remedio, sciens michi in futuro 
prodesse saeculo quicquid in praesenti uita largitus fuero, 
omnes terras iuris mei uel antecessorum meorum ad aug- 
mentum monasterii beati Pauli apostoli , gentium doctoris, 
quod positum est in ciuitate Lundoniae, omnes has terras 
consentiens confirmaui, testantibus episcopis et comitibus 
et istius terrae principibus. Si quis uero harum terrarum 
condonationem contradicere praesumpserit a Paradisiaco 
consortio exul existat. Amen. 

6* 



84 Bit DANSK RUN'ESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

MGCCXXI. REELING©, omtrent 1033 (t. VI p. 184). 

•}• Her swuteliao on ftisse Cristes bee iEoelnooes 
arcebisceopes forword and Tokiges embe oaet land aet 
Ileal hnie: oaet waes oaet Tokig com to Hrisbeorgan to 
oam arcebisceop syooan ^oelflaed his wif forofaren waes, 
and cyode him Wulfnodes cwyde oaet he ?)aet land becweden 
haefde into Cristes cyrcean aefter his daege and his wifes, 
and baed oone arcebisceop ?aet he ftaet land habban moste 
his daeg; and aeftaer his daege oaet hit lage into Cristes 
cyrcean mid eallum Jiingum oe he oaeron getilian mihte 
unbesacen , and cvvaeo oaet he wolde oam biscope Ranees 
kepan and his mannum. And se arcebisceop him oaes 
tioude , and saede 5aet he riht wio hine gedon haefde , f.aet 
he sylf him for Sam cwyde secgean wolde, oeh he hit aer 
ful georne wiste. And oises waes to gewitnysse, iE5elstan 
aet Bleddehlaewe, and Leofwine his sunu, and Leofric aet 
Eaningadene, and feala oora goora cnihta, oeh we hi ealle 
ne nemnon , and eall baes arcebiscopes hired ge gehadude 
ge laewede *. 

d. e. Her forkyndes i denne Christi Bog Erkebiskop 
iEdelnods og Tokigs Forord om dette Landstykke ved 
Healtun (?Halton i Buckinghamshire). Det var at Tokig 
kom til Hrisbeorg (? Risborough i Buckinghamshire) til 
Erkebiskoppen , efterat hans Kone iEdelfled var dod og 
tilkjendegav for ham (sin Faders eller aeldre Broders) 
Wulfnods testamentariske Bestemmelse , at han havde 
testamenteret dette Landstykke til Christs Kirke efter sin 
og sin Kones Dod; og bad han Erkebiskoppen at han 
(Tokig) maatte besidde dette Landstykke , saa Iaenge han 
levede, men at det efter hans Dod skulde uden Indsigelse 
tilfalde Christs Kirke tilligemed alle derpaa i hans Be- 
siddelsestid skete Forbedringer; og Iovede han at han 

») Cfr. Nr. MCCCXXXVI, Eadsige arcebisceop 1045-1052. 



EN DAJVSK RUNESTEEN FUNDED I LONDON. 85 

vilde vedligeholde det for Biskoppen og bans Maend uden 
Betaling. Heri samtykte Erkebiskoppen, og sagde at han 
havde handlet ret i selv at gjore ham bekjendt med dette 
Testamente ; ihvorvel han vidste det godt forud. Og 
hertil vare Vidner iEdelstan af Bleddehlaew (? Bledlow i 
Buckinghamshire) , og Leofvvin hans Son , og Leofric af 
Eaninggaden , og flere andre gode Maend , ihvorvel vi 
naevne dem ikke alle, og Erkebispens hele Hird , baade 
Klerke og Laegfolk. 

DCCCV. EALDRED, 1046-1060 (t. IV p. 138—139). 

Regnante in perpetuum rege regum domino nostro 
Ihesu Christo ! Ego Ealdredus Wigornensis aecclesiae 
episcopus , quandam telluris partem, scilicet rus quod ab 
incolis Deotinctun vocatur cum alio uiculo ad illud perti- 
nente qui iElfsigestun nominatur, tres, uidelicet, hidas ter- 
rarum in duabus, ut prcedixi, uillulis, cum licentia domini 
mei regis Eaduuardi , pro remedio animae meae et ipsius 
domini mei, deo et sanctae dei genetrici Mariae condono ad 
usus fratrum deo seruientium in aecclesia ipsius sanctae 
et perpetuae uirginis Mariae in Uuigornaceastre; ut habeant 
et possideant iure aecclesiastico perpetua haereditate, cum 
saca et socno, tolle et teame, reditibus et campis, pascuis 
et pratis , et cunctis utilitatibus ad praenotatam uillam 
pertinentibus. In ciuitate etiam Uuigorna curtem unam ad 
earn pertinentem, ut habeant et pacifice utantur, et quamdiu 
fides Christiana in Anglia permanserit , his donationibus 
minime careant. Hanc terrain Toki, praepotens et diues 
minister regis, iure haereditariae successionis , liberam ab 
omni servitio humano , praeter regale, quod dumtaxat toti 
patriae commune est, quamdiu uixerit, tenens, mihi , ob 
amicitiam inter nos confirmatam et pro animae suae reme- 
dio moriens testamento donauit. Sed cum filius suus Aki 
nomine, potens et ipse minister regis, patris testamentum 



00 EN DAXSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

irritum facere uolens, earn parentum successione ad suum 
ius reclamasset, fauente et consentieote ipso domino meo 
rege , et Leofrico comite et caeteris optimatibus huius 
provinciae attestantibus, datis sibi .viii. marcis auri puris- 
sinii, liberam a sua et ab omni parentelae suae haereditaria 
proclamatione, earn mihi reddidit, et scripto coram testibus 
firmato reconsignauit, ut libere earn possem dare seu uendere 
cuicumque uellem absque ullius contradictione. Unde et 
ego cum licentia ipsius domini mei regis, deo et sanctae dei 
genetrici, ad aecclesiam quae sita est, ut praediximus, in 
Uuigornaceastre, ita earn liberam trado sicut ipse earn liberam 
ipse tenebat et ego cam liberam ab eo accepi, tarn a serui- 
tio uillae episcopalis Breodune, ad quam dicebatur antiquis 
temporibus pertinere debuisse, licet hoc nullius iam uiuen- 
tis hominis memoria posset recolere , quam a caeteris 
cuiuscumque hominis seruitiis, praeter, ut diximus, regis, 
iuxta morem patriae. Sit autem , ut praediximus , haec 
terra libera a Breodune, ab omni seruitio tam aecclesiastico 
quam saeculari et episcopali etiam, cum saka et socne, tolle 
et teame, ciricsceatte, et decimis, et omnibus reditibus, ita 
ut nullus successorum meorum , aut eorum praepositi, ad 
Breodune quicquam seruitii de hac terra, nee de pertinen- 
tibus ad earn, habeant reclamare, quia iniustum est. 

•j- Ego Eaduuardus rex Anglorum donationem hanc 
mea licentia factam signo crucis munio. f Ego Eadgid 
regina Anglorum consensi. t Ego Ealdredus episcopus 
consensi. t Ego Leofricus dux consensi. f Ego jElfgarus 
dux consensi. f Ego Odda dux consensi. t Ego Owine 
minister, f Ego Wagen minister, f Ego Berhtric ^Elfgares 
sunu. f Ego Atsor minister, f Ego Osgod apud Heailea. 



I England henlededes Opmaerksomheden forst paa 
dette Monument ved en med Traesnit oplyst Meddelelse 
desangaaende af Hr. Knowles i <t lllustratcd London News." 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 87 

August 28, 1852 (Nr. 576, vol. XXI p. 157), hvori han om- 
taler at han agtede at lade tage en Afstobning af Stenen, som 
han havde bestemt at offerere til Antiquarernes Selskab i Lon- 
don M i den Forvisning", som han udtrykker sig, u at nationale 
Monumenter fra Oldtiden frembyde en dobbelt Interesse, 
naar de opdages i de aeldste Dele af vor Hovedst^d". Af 
en Beretning fra dette Selskab sees, at Hr. Knowles's 
Meddelelse afgaves i dets Mode Thorsdagen den 20de Januar 
1853 og til denne foiede Selskabets Medlem W. D. Sawl 
Esq. nogle Bemaerkninger om Runeindskriftens Tndhold. 
Han havde desangaaende skrevet til to Venner i Lancashire, 
som godt forstode sig paa Indskriftens Characterer og 
Sprog; disse havde vaeret enige om at laese det forste Ord Ina. 

Som det synes, havde man den Gang i dette Londoner 
Selskab ikke bemaerket, at allerede i Morning Chronicle af 
September 18, 1852 havde denne Tidendes Correspondent 
i Kjobenhavn, foranlediget ved Meddelelsen i ^Illustrated 
London News" leveret Bemaerkninger om Stenen og dens 
Indskrift, der med Undtagelse af det forste Navn ingen 
Vanskelighed frembyder. Dette forste Navn har ban, efter 
den tidligere Afbildning, laest Eina og meent kunde maaskee 
vaere Einar , et vel bekjendt oldnordisk Navn. Vi ville 
ikke naegte vore Laesere den Tilfredsstillelse i ovrigt af 
hans Bemaerkninger her at kunne laese folgende: 4( Denne 
uskatteerlige Oldtidslevning er en nordisk Runesteen, upaa- 
tvivlelig dansk , opreist over nogen Hovdings Grav. Den 
fantastiske Dragefigur ligner flere paa andre scandinaviske 
Monumenter og har en paafaldende Overeensstemmelse 
medForestillinger, der forekomme paa mange af de gamle 
Guldbracteater , som ere fundne hist og her i de nor- 
diske Lande." 

t4 Dette Monument er eneste i sit Slags, den eneste 
danske Runesteen der er bekjendt at existere i England, 
og skylder sin Bevaring den Omstaendighed , at den har 



88 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN 1 LONDON. 

vaeret nedgraven i Jorden. Runernes Characteer med 
videre viser at Indskriften ikke h8rer til den alleraeldste 
Art og heller ikke til den alleryngste. Jeg skulde vaere 
tilboielig til at heufore den til det lOde eller lite Aar- 
hundrede. Muligen vilde fortsatte Udgravninger have bragt 
flere lignende Skatte for Lyset eller i det mindste selve 
Gravens Indhold. Man kan vist vente , at selve Stenen 
strax vil blive oflfereret til vort National-Museum, hvor den 
passende vil begynde Raekken af britiske Gravmonumenter 
med Indskrifter. Dansken niaa have vaeret et maegtigt 
Element i vor oldengelske Stamme , naar den Nations 
Hovdinger kunde ligge i vor Hovedstad uforurettede og 
med deres nationale Erindringer om sig. Der er intet paa 
Stenen, som kan lede os til at antage, at den her begravnc 
eller hans Venner have vaeret Christne. Skulde det 
Britiske Museum naegtes dette praegtige Monument , som 
jeg dog ikke kan bringe mig selv til at troe , burde man 
i det mindste drage Omsorg for at der tages en noiagtig Af- 
stobning af Stenen , forend Overfladen beskadiges ved 
Tilfaelde eller Luftens Paavirkning" 

Det Haab, som Correspondeoten her udtaler, sj-nes 
ikke at vaere gaaet i Opfyldelse , eftersom en Beretning 
om Modet i det Archaeologiske Institut af 4de Februar 
1853 ommelder , at man forgjeves har gjort Forsog paa 
at erhverve denne maerkvaerdige Oldtidslevning for det 
Britiske Museum, og at den naervaerende Eier havde be- 
sluttet at beholde Stenen ophaengt i sit Varelager for- 
modentlig for at vaekke Kjobernes Opmaerksomhed. 

Med Hensyn til den ovenmoldte Yttring , at der er 
intet paa Stenen , som henviser til at den begravne eller 
hans Venner, som reiste Stenen, vare Christne, da for- 
holder det sig vistnok med Hensyn til Forestillingerne 
saa, men derved maa dog bemaeikes, at den samine Smag, 
som lilhorte den seneste Periode af Hedenolden her i 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEX I LONDON. 09 

Norden, vedh'geholdt sig ind i Christendommens forste 
Tider, hvorom talrige, tildeels ogsaa den christelige Guds- 
tjeneste vedkommende , Levninger vidne. Med Indskriften 
derimod turde vel Forholdet stille sig noget anderledes, 
da man vel kan antage, at Anvendelsen af de puncterede 
Runer henvise til en Tid, da Christendonimen var udbredt 
i ISorden og det Iatinske Alphabet der kjendt. 

Af de ovenanforte Meddelelser vil det sees , at vi 
skylde Hr. Knowles's luteresse for den nordiske Archeeo- 
logie, at saavel Antiquarernes Selskab i London som vort 
Selskab her i Kjobenhavn bar erboldt paalidelige Af- 
stobninger af (!ette dausk-britiske Monument. 

Nogle af eet af vort Selskabs Medlemmer Thorlkif 
Gudm. Repp nieddelte Bemaetkmnger om denne Runesteen 
antages at voere af luteresse som afgivende yderligere Op- 
lysninger, og tilfbies derfor ber. 



Rune-Indskriften paa denne Steen er overmaade klar 
og tydelig; blot med Undtagelse af de to allerforste Bog- 
staver , eftersom Stenen paa delte Sted er sonderbrudt. 
Vel var jeg dog i Begyndelsen , saalaenge jeg intet andet 
havde at holde mig til end Tegningen i "Illustrated London 
News" tilboielig til at antage at ''Morning Chronicle's" 
Correspondents Laesemaade endogsaa af disse to Bog- 
staver, var den rigtige, ihvorvel den Omstaendighed , at 
iNavnet Eiua, som ikke lettelig forekommer i noget nordisk 
eller keltisk Sprog , ikke er gunstig for sanime; men nu 
troer jeg det kan ansees for sikkert . at Etatsraad Rafn 
har ved Hjaelp af Afstobningen, som naturligviis er accuratere 
end Tegningen , udfundet den rette Laesemaade , saa at 
man bor la3se: KONA : LET : etc., hvilket, ifolge Rune- 
Indskriffernes bekjendte Bogstav-Karrighed , er at opfatte, 
som om det var skrevet KONAL : LET. etc. Om ingen 



00 EN DWSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

af de uvrige Bogstaver kun der naeres mindste Tvivl, ikke 
en Gang om Bogstavet + i Ordet {)ensi, skjont Stenen 
ber synes at vaere lidt beskadiget. 

Indskriften er arrangeret (Jo'JCTpotyYjoov , og hvert af 
dens syv Ord adskilt fra det efterfolgende med tydelige to 
Punkter : afskreven med latinske Bogstaver faaer den et 
saadant Udseende: 

KONA : LET : LEKIA : ST 

: IHQI : MV : ISN34 • NI3 

Heraf sees nu tillige at Indskriften — i det mindste 
for dens eget Vedkommede — er aldeles heel , og at slet 
intet mangier i den; thi den begynder ved Randen , eller 
Graendsen af Stenens bearbeidede eller tilhuggede Deel og 
den omdreiede Linie naaer igjen naesten til samme Rand, 
saa at her ikke er Plads for et eneste Ord til. Heller 
ikke er der Plads for nogen Linie , da Indskriften saa 
temmelig udfylder hele den Margin, som er levnet udenfor 
Sculptures. Saaledes er Mr. Knowles's Paastand om 
Indskriftens Integritet fuldkommen beviist. 

Mr. Knowles kalder denne Steen en Hovedsteen 
(head stone), fordi, ifolge bans Beskrivelse, den bar vaeret 
opreist paa samme Maade , i skraa vertical Retning , som 
saadanne Stene eller Tabletter endnu ofte opreises paa 
engelske og andre Kirkegaarde ved Hovedet af en Grav. 

I sin forste Meddelelse til ^Illustrated London ISews" 
har Mr. Knowles intet meldt om det Menneske-Skelet, 
som han udforligt omtaler i Brevet til det Kongelige Nor- 
diske Oldskrift-Selskabs Secretair. Maaskee kan man deraf 
slutte , at Skelettet forst senere er blevet opdaget. 

Indskriften indeholder aldeles intet , som antyder at 
den er en Mindesteen efter en afdod Person: den Om- 
staendighed , som snarest skulde tilkjendegive dette , er 
Stillingen , i hvilken Stenen er opreist; dog kan denne 
Stilling naeppe betragtes som noget afgjorende Beviis , da 



EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 91 

Hensigten raed en saadao Stilling ikke var nogen anden, 
end at Indskriften mere skulde falde i Oiet og laeses lettere. 
Hvis denne Steen skal kaldes en Mindesteen efter en Afdod, 
saa maatte det vaere i Ordets uegentligste Betydning, siden 
den aldeles intet melder om den afdode Person, om hvilken 
den skulde minde. 

Kun i det Tilfaelde at Konal og Tuke i deres levende 
Live havde ladet Stenen tilhugge, og saa befalet, at den 
skulde opreises ved Hovedet af deres Grav efter deres 
Dod , kunde den siges at vaere et , men dog temmelig 
utydeligt Slags af Mindesteen efter dem. Dog vilde dette 
vaere et nyt Factum i Runemonumenternes Historic 

I ethvert Tilfaelde afviger den foreliggende Indskrift 
fra den saedvanlige Indskrifts Formel. Det hedder ikke 
her, som saedvanlig tt N. N. reiste denne Steen", men Jod 
lagge denne Steen", hvorvel Stenen ifolge Mr. Knowles's 
Forklaring rettere kan siges at vaere reist end lagt. 

Maaskee blev denne Hoved-Steen opreist ved Hovedet 
af en anden liggende Steen, som indeholdt den Begravedes 
Navn, og da vilde Verbet leggia referere sig til den hori- 
zontal Steen , og ei til selve Stenen , hvorpaa vor Ind- 
skrift findes. Noget lignende forekommer endnu den Dag 
i Dag ved engelske Grave. I dette Tilfaelde vilde naer- 
vaerende Indskrift ikke vaere noget andet end en Tillaegs- 
eller Hjaelpe-Indskrift. 

Denne sidste Conjectur vinder noget Sandsynlighed, 
naar vi betaenke Stedet, hvor Stenen er funden. Paa den 
foreliggende Hoved-Steen findes nemlig aldeles intet , som 
er christeligt; og dog bliver man vist let enig om, at den 
ikke vel kan vaere aeldre end fra det lGde eller lite Aar- 
hundrede. Men en virkelig Gravsteen, opsat i London i 
denne Periode, maatte nodvendigviis vaere christelig. London 
var fuldkommen christen laenge for det lOde Aarhundrede. 
At denne Stad flere Gange blev taget af indbrydende 



92 K.\ DANSK RUNE8TEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 

Hedninger , kan her naeppe komme i Betragtning. Hed- 
ningernes Occupation var aldrig langvaiig og slet ikke saa 
sikker, at de kunde ta3nke paa at opfore hedenske Morm- 
nienter. Og hvis de havde gjort dette, vilde da saadanne 
Monumenter ret laenge have faaet Lov til at staae? Naar 
vi derimod forudsa3tte, at denne Indskrift kun er en Tillaegs- 
Indskrift og denne Steen kun en Hoved-Steen, og at der 
foruden den maa have vaeret en anden horizontal liggende 
Gravsteen , saa maa vi tillige antage, at denne nu tabte 
Steen indeholdt den Afdodes Navn , den saedvanlige Bon 
for hans Sjael, Korsets Tegn o. s. v. 

Det vil maaskee befindes at vaere mest sandsynligt 
at dette Monument skriver sig fra Knud den Stores Tid. 
Men i saa Tilfaelde maatte det egentlige Gravminde vaere 
ganske christeligt og den Christendom, som savnes paa 
denne Hoved-Steen, maatte da findes paa den egentlige 
Gravsteen i en udforligere Indskrift, til hvilken den naer- 
vaerende da maatte betragtes som et blot Supplement. 

Verbet legyja, som tilvisse er usaedvanligt, forekommer 
mig at indeholde en Beviisgrund for denne Conjectur. 

Thorl. Gudm. Repp. 



Af de ovenfor indforte Artikler vil det bemaerkes, at 
baade en engelsk og en islandsk Laerd , hvis Stemmer 
have Vaegt, have yttret den samme Formening, som Be- 
tragtning af Forestillingerne paa Stenen og Indskriftens 
Uudersogelse, saavel i palaeographisk Henseende som i 
Henseende til Sprog og Indhold, have ledet mig til, nemlig 
at det er et dansk Mindesmaerke vi have for os, hidrorende 
fra det lite Aarhundrede, omtrent fra Knud den Stores 
Tidsalder. 

Denne Formenings Grund vil imidlertid vinde storre 
Fasthed og dens Betydning storre Klarhed ved Monu- 
mentets Sammenligning med et i naeste Artikkel omhandlet 



G0RMS OG THYRES MINDESTEKE I JELLINGE. 93 

analogt dansk Mindesmaerke, hvis Tidsalder kan nogenlunde 
bestemt angives og med flere danske Indskrifter af samme 
Categorie. 



BEMiERKNINGER OM GORM DEN GAMLES OG 

THYRE DANABODS M11NDESTENE I JELLINGE; 

VED C. C. Rafn. 

llORDENS Oldsprog og flere Grene af den nordiske 
Oldtidsvidenskab vilde upaatvivlelig vinde Oplysninger, som 
fremtidige Granskere ville skatte hoit, hvis man kunde 
blive i Stand til at revidere og paa ny udgive de hidtil 
bekjendte Huneindskrifter og foie dertil de ikke saa ganske 
faa senere opdagede samt ledsage dette hele Apparat med 
Indices til Veiledning saavel i sproglig Henseende som 
ogsaa i historisk, geographisk og archaeologisk. Naervserende 
Annaler og Antiquarisk Tidsskrift ere passende Bevarings- 
steder for dette Slags Oldskrifter og passende Organer 
for deres yderligere Oplysning. Vi ville bestra3be os for 
at tilfredsstille en vel begrundet Forventning ved i de 
naermest folgende Bind, ligesom i dette, at optage Bidrag 
i denne Retning. — Hvor onskeligt vilde det ikke vsere, 
om det lod sig udfore, at disse Bidrag kunde omsider 
danne en saavidt muligt fuldstaendig Samling af de hidtil 
opdagede nordiske Runeindskrifter. En nidkjaer Medarbeider 
i Sverige , Mag. Carl Save , Docent i Oldnordisk ved 
Universitetet i Upsala, har lovet at levere Bidrag til Be- 
arbeidelsen af den svenske Afdeling, der i Omfang vel kan 
antages at veere fjorten Gange storre end alle de ovrige 
tilsammentagne. En anden svensk Medarbeider, Hr. Richard 
Dybeck, har paa antiquariske Reiser i flere Provindser i 
Sverige allerede samlet vaerdifulde Materialier til Afbenyt- 
telse for dette Oiemed og lover at fortsa3tte sine Bestraebelser 



94 GO RMS OG THYRES MINDESTENE I JELLINGE. 

i denne Retning. Til den danske Afdeling har man allerede 
vaerdifulde Forarbeider og Samlinger. Den norske Afdeling 
frembyder faerre Vanskeligheder, fordi de i Norge vaerende 
Runeindskrifters Antal ikke er stort og de fleste findes i 
Omegnen af Christiania - Fjorden. Vor dygtige norske 
Medarbeider, P. A. Munch, som i naervaerende Annaler 
(i Bindet for 1850, p. 273—287) bar gjort os noiere be- 
kjendte med de paa Man og Syderoerne vaerende Runestene, 
paatager sig gjerne Bearbeidelsen af de i Norge bevarede. 
De hidtil paa Faeroerne , Island og Gronland opdagede 
Monumenter af denne Classe ere ikke talrige. Hvad der her 
forelobig kan tilkjendegives er, at Bestraebelser, som gaae ud 
paa at oplyse de nordiske Runemindesmaerker, kunne, ganske 
i Overeensstemmelse med vort Selskabs Plan og Formaal, 
fra sammes Side vente redebon Bistand, og at Beskrivelser 
af disse Monumenter, oplyste ved Afbildninger, forsaavidt 
saadanne skulde finde hensigtsmaessige, ville, til Granskeres 
fremtidige Afbenyttelse , blive optagne i Selskabets archae- 
ologiske Tidsskrifter. 

Et saadant forste Afsnit, hvis Vaerd Kjendere ville 
paaskjonne, af en Beskrivelse over nyopdagede Runemonu- 
menter i Sverige er optaget i naervaerende Bind. Ved Be- 
maerkninger meddelte om enkelte deels nyopdagede, deels 
tidligere bekjendte, danske Runemonumenter bestraeber jeg 
mig for at levere ogsaa et lidet Bidrag til denne Green af 
den nordiske Oldtidsvidenskab. Jeg har derved alene sat 
mig til Opgave at levere Indskrifterne saa noiagtige og 
fuldstaendige, som det har vaeret mig muligt, men ingenlunde 
lagt Vind paa at tilfoie udforlige philologiske og historiske 
Undersogelser. 

Den nuvaerende Landsby Jelling, som i Oldtiden be- 
naevntes JalXngr og den Gang, da den dog vel forst som 
en enkelt Gaard, endog i lang Tid var et Kongesaede, 
havde langt storre Betydning end nu, ligger i Jylland halv- 



GORMS OG THYRES MINDESTEHfE I JELLINGE. 95 

anden Miil i Nordvest fra Kjobstaden Veile i Tyrild Herred, 
Veile Ami. Den horer til de Byer, hvis Navne tidligst 
forekomme i Faedrelandets Oldhistorie. De islandske Sagaer 
naevne den allerede i Frode Fredegods Dage; der herskede 
den Gang, hedder det 1 , en almindelig Fred over hele 
Landet; Ran og Tyveri vare aldeles hsevede, saa at en 
Guldring laa i mange Aar paa den alfare Vei paa Jalangs 
Hede (at gullhringr Id marga vetr a pjodleifi a Jalangrs- 
heidi). Senere, i det 2det eller 3die Aarhundrede, opholdt 
sig ifolge Saxo 2 her paa Gaarden Jalang (villa Jalanga) 
Kong Vermund Frodason. 

Jalang naevntes saaledes langt tilbage i den forhistoriske 
Tid som en Kongsgaard og var det endnu ved den histo- 
riske Tidsalders Begyndelse, thi her boede i Slutningen af 
det 9de og i den forste Haelfte af det lOde Aarhundrede 
Danmarks beromte Konge Gorm den Gamle, der forst for- 
enede de danske Stater under sit Herredomme, og med ham 
hans ikke mindre navnkundige Dronning Thyre med det 
betegnende Tilnavn Danabod eller de Danskes Frelse, 
og her bleve de begge efter deres Dod hoilagte efter 
hedensk Skik, eftersom Christendommen forst indfortes 
i deres Sons, Harald Blaatands, Regjeringstid. Svend 
Aagesen beretter, at denne lod sine Forseldre jorde paa 
hedensk Viis i tvende hinanden lignende Hoie som herlige 
Gravmaeler ved Kongsgaarden i Jelling (tumulis gemellis 
et paribus, quasi illustribus mausolais, secus regis curiam 
in Jelling) 3 , og Saxo anforer ligeledes, at Harald staedte 
sin Moder Thyres Lig med stor Pragt til Jorden ikke 
langt fra hendes Mands Gravsted, hvor nu Kirken staaer 
imellem begge iEgtefaellers ved hinanden liggende Grav- 
hoie (ubi nunc sacrarium perspicere est diiorum conju- 

a ) Fornmanna Sogur lip. 413 i det forste der indforte Sogubrot 
jfr. Snorra Edda t. 1 p. 376, Skaldskaparmal c. 43. — 2 ) Hist. Dan., 
ed. Mulleri p. 163. — 3 ) Langebek, Script, rer. Dan. 1, p. 51. 



% HORNS OG TH1RES MINDESTEXE I JELL1XGK. 

gum socialibus bustis intersitum) \. Disse tvende Grav- 
hoie, der ere af en overordentlig Storrelse, svarende til de 
Personers Betydning, over hvilkc de vare opforte, ere end- 
nu talende Vidnesbyrd fra hin fjerne Tid, og ligger Gorms 
Hoi sonden for Kirkegaarden men Thyres norden for samme. 
Tilfaeldige Arbeider, som foretoges i 1820, foranledigede en 
noiere Undersogelse af Dronningens Gravhoi, som afgav 
et hoist interessant antiquarisk Udbytte 2 . 

Tvende Runestene, som vi her naerraere ville omtale, 
stode tidligere, hvilket ogsaa deres Indskrifter antyde, paa 
disse tvende Giavhoie, men de ere nu begge, den paa 
Kongens Hoi allerede i J 586, efter Foranstaltning af den 
davaBrende Lehnsmand paa Koldinghuus Casper Marke- 
daner til Sogaard, henflyttede til Kirkegaarden. 

Allerede Ole Worm bar i Monunienta Danica 1643 
(p. 331 — 341) meddeelt Afbildninger af begge Stene og har 
tilfoiet Fortolkning af Indskrifterne, der imidlertid traengte 
til ydeiligere Berigtigelse, hvortil Bidrag leveredes navn- 
ligen ved en af S. Abildgaard 1771 udfort Afbildning og 
ved en senere, 1811, af M. F. Arendt tagen Afskrift. 

Sa3rdeles vaerdifulde Oplysninger har Finn Magnusen, 
der selv i 1821 besogte Stedet og undersogte Indskrifterne, 
om disse og tvende andre de samme Monumenter vedkom- 
mende meddeelt i Antiquariske Annaler 3 , og R. Rask, som 
senere, i Juli 1823, ogsaa tog selve Indskrifterne i Oiesyn, 
foiede dertil enkelte yderligere Bema3rkninger. Dette Apparat 
giver ypperligVeiledning. Tillige har jeg benyttet de af Adam 
Mailer udforte fortrinlige Afbildninger i storre Maalestok, 
der ere bestemte for den af bans Fader bearbeidede Udgave 
af Saxo, hvilke bleve mig af Professor Velschovv, der har 

*} 1. c. p. 486. — 2 ) See Antiquariske Annaler IV, I p. C4 
og flg.j jfr. naerv. Annaler 1840—1841, p. 167—176. — 3 ) IV, I, 
p. 100—123, 267 271. 



THYRE DANEBODS MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 97 

overtaget denne Udgaves Fuldforelse, velvilligen laante 1 . 
Derhos har jeg, for om muligt at supplere Tndskriftens 
Fortolkning, brevvexlet med Stedets Praest Hr. Seminarie- 
forstander Carl Emil Kemp, der har jevnfort den tagne 
Copie med selve Indskrifternepaa Stenene og bestraebt sig for 
at skimte enkelte af de Traek, der ikke havde vaeret gjen- 
givne. Hans Meddelelser have afgivet Bidrag til Monu- 
menternes fuldstaendigere Oplysning. 

THYRE DANEBODS MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 
Thyre Daivebod, Gorm den Gamles Dronning, var 
ifolge de islandske Skribenter en Datter at Klakk-Harald, 
Jarl over Jylland (af Jot land i)* 1 eller Holsteen, (red fyrzr 
Hollsetulandi) 3 , vel isaer over Angeln. Saxo derimod siger 
at hun var en Datter af den engelske Kong Edelred (An- 
glorum regis Edelradl filia)*. Suhm soger at forene disse 
Beretninger ved at antage hendes Fader Harald for en Son 
af Gurmund eller Guthrum, dansk Konge i Ost- Angeln, 
hvorved Thyres engelske Herkomst vilde bekraeftes. Rime- 
ligere hidrorer Faderens Navn hos Saxo fra Misforstand af 
Angli, som man har udlagt ved Englaendere istedenfor 
Angler. De gamle historiske Skrifter ere enige i at prise 
hendes fortrinlige Egenskaber, hendes Skjonhed, hendes 
Klogskab og Mandhaftighed. Svend Aageseus Skildring 
af disse 5 stemmer ganske med Islaendernes Angivelser. 

') Disse Tegninger ere allerede udforte i smukke Kobberstik 
af P. C. Schdler. Archivsecretair A. Strunk var saa beredvillig 
at meddele mig til Afbenyttelse de forskjellige Tegninger og Aftryk, 
Bom bevares i det antiquarisk-topographiske Archiv, blandt hvilke 
ban isser fremhjever som , t meget gode" de forlllustreret Danmarks 
Historie af A. Fabricius efter Adam Mullers Afbildninger af M. 
Petersen reducerede og raderede Blade. — 2 ) Snorre Hk. 1 p. 79; 
Fornmanna Sogur 1 p. 2, 115—116. — 3 ) Jomsvikinga Saga c. 2, 
Fornm. S. 11 p. 3—8. — 4 ) Hist, af Danmark 2 p. 438. — 6 ) 
Sven. Agg. hist. reg. Danife, Langebeks Script, rer. Dan. 1. p. 28. 

0) 



98 THYRE DANEB0D8 MINDESTEEN I JELLINGB. 

Saxo kalder hende Danice majestatis caput og Svend 
Aagesen regni decus eller decus Dacia. Annaleme bensevne 
hende med detNavn, hun endnu sa3dvanlig ba3rer, Danabot, 
de Danskes Frelse, ligesom hendes aeldste Son Knud, Guld- 
Haralds Fader, forte Tilnavnet Danaast, de Danskes Kjaer- 
lighed. I de islandske Sagaer derimod, saavel hos Snorre 
soni i Olaf Tryggvasous Saga og i Jomsvikinga Saga, forer 
hun det selvsamme Tilnavn som paa Jellinge-Stenen: Dan- 
markarbot 1 . Dette skjonne Tilnavn, Danmarks Pryd, 
Frelse eller Forbedrerinde, skal hun have faaet, fordi 
hun ved sin Frenisynethed og kloge Raad frelste Landet 
i Uaar 2 . 

Den saerskilte Mindesteen over Thyre Danebod er af 
Granit, 5 Fod hoi og 3 Fod bred. Den forreste Side, som 
er flad, har tre Runelinier. Den anden Side er buget og 
har ligesom tre Flader, og paa den midterste af disse findes 

x ) Dette, , { Danmarkebot", forekommer ogsaa i en anonym For- 
fatters Genealogia regura Daniae og i Capitelovcrskriften hos Svend 
Aagesen, Scr. rer. Dan. 1 p. 22, 48. — a ) Dette Navn stemmer 
saaledes i Betydningen, ligesom i Henseende til Sammensaetningens 
eidste Ord, med det Tilnavn, man gav Harald Haarfagers Datter 
OlOf, nemlig arbot, annonce-levatrix, fordi hun ved sine vise 
Foranstaltninger forbedrede Aaringerne eller frelste Landet i Uaar, 
gerdi monnum drbbt, som man derom dengang udtrykte sig (Fornm. 
Sogur 2 p. 74). Forbcdring i Klaededragt benaevnes buningsbot i 
Ans saga bogsveigis o. 2, Fornaldar S(Jgur Nor5rlanda 2, p. 329 ; 
saaledes beryder ogsaa hugarbot Sindsforbedring eller Trost (see 
Sv. Egilssons Lex. poet. ant. lingvae sept, under hot p. 71). I Olaf 
Kyrres Tid anvendtes i Nidaros en stor Klokke til at sammenkalde 
Gildebrodrene, hvilken benaevntes B^jarbot, der udlaegges Byens 
Pryd {oppidi ornamentum, see Fornm. SOgur 6 p. 440). At Verbet 
bwta har en lignende Betydning sees af Eymundar Saga (c. 1, 
Fornm. S. 5 p. 267, Ant. Russes t. 2 p. 174), hvor det sigcs om Olaf 
Haraldson ogEymund Ringson, at disse to Fostbrodre i deres Ungdom 
vacnnede sig til alle deldrestter, er harlmann bcetti, som prydede en . Viand. 



THYRB DANEBODS MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 



99 



Indskriftens Slutning, een Linie i bred Indfatning ligesora 
i Baand. 

De her vedfoiede Afbildninger fremstille den fuldstaen- 
dige Indskrift paa begge Sider l : 





Med latinske Versalier bliver denne Indskrift at Iaese saa- 
ledes: KURMR: KUINUKR: KAR£I: KUBL: 3>AUSI*: 



*) Paa den forreste Side ere nn ved Afstbdning enkelte Trsek 
beskadigede; denne Beskadigelse fandtes ikke i Worms Tid, hvis 
Afbildning har disse Runer fuldsttendige , men derimod i Abild- 
gaards 1771. Den her meddelte Afbildning viser ved fulde Streger 
hvad der endnu er synligt af disse Runer. For Noiagtigheds Skyld 
tilfuies ioviigt her Pastor Kemps Bemacrkningcr derom : , t I anden 
Linie cr af anden Rune Hovedstaven og c!en venstre Deel afTvser- 
stregen tydelig, den hoireDeel derimod naesten udslettet: den tredie 
Rune er saa at sige ganske udslettet, den fjerde Rune sees tydelig 
nok. Af tredie Lir.ies anden Rune sees Hovedstaven tydelig, Tvaer- 
stregerne derimod ere naesten udslettede; af den tredie Rune er den 
venstre Hage naesten udslettet, Hovedstaven og hoire Hage ere 
derimod tydelige." — 2 ) Den lite Rune i forste Sides anden Linie 
havde Adam Miiller givet med en Tvaerstreg paa Hovedstaven ( r), 
medens derimod Worm og Abildgaard her have alene n. Jeg antog 
denne Tvaerstreg, som maatte antyde et ^, der ikke her kunde 
passe, for en tilfaeldig Ridse i Stenen, og bad derfor Pastor Kemp 
niiie at eftersce denne Rune, om der fandtes nogen Tvaerstreg paa 

a*) 



JOO GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELMNGE. 

AFF: 50RVI: KUNU: SINA: TANMARKAR: BUT. 

Omskrcven efter saedvanlig islandsk Orthographie: Gornir 
komingr geroi kunibl {)etta ([)essi) eftir 5yri, konu sina, Dan- 
markarbot, d. e. Kong Gorm gjorde denne Hoi over sin 
Kone Thyre Danmarks Pryd. 

GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 

Kong Gorms Mindesteen er ligeledes af Granit; 
dens Grundflade danner en Trekant, hvis ene Side med 
Hoveddelen af Indskriften bar forneden en Brede af 8 Fod 
10 Tommer, den anden, hvorpaa en phantastisk Dyrefigur, 
5' 2" og den tredie, hvorpaa en Christusfigur, 5', altsaa den 
hele Steen 19' i Omkreds forneden. Stenen, hvis Hiiide 
over Jorden er 8' 2" gaaer pyramidalsk op i en Spids. 
Paa den anden Side er foroven til venstre et stort Stykke 
borte, omtrent I' i Hoide, 13" i La?ngde og 8" i Brede 
eller Dybde. 

Paa den forste Side findes den storste Deel af Ind- 
skriften i fire ved dobbelte Tvserstreger fra hinanden ad- 
skilteLinier. Tvaerstregerne udvikle sig for Enderne i Sno- 
ninger, der fortsa3ttes ovenfor Indskriften. Den her i Texten 
p. 318 tilfdiede Afbildning fremstiller denne Side af Stenen 
med Hoveddelen af Indskriften, der fortsaettes og fuldfores 
paa de tvende andre Sider. 

dens Hovedstav, hvilken i saa Fald rimelig kunde vaere vendt den 
modsatte Led, betegnende t, ei %. Hr. Kemp bemaerker at der 
staaer tydelig n og aldeles sikkert at den fflrste Stav ikke har 
Tvaerstregen for 1*, ihvorvel man kan skjelne Grunden til at denne 
Rune er tegnet saalcdes, da der neden for Stavens Midte findes en 
tilfaeldig Ridse i Stenen. Om derimod denne Runes forreste Stav 
har ovenover denne tilfseldige Ridse, altsaa paa Stavens Midte, en 
den modsatte Vei vendende TvajrstregC'T), tflr ban ikke bekraefte og 
heller ikke benaegte, da dervirkelig 4 ,sees Spor af en saadan Streg". 



GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEElV I JELL1NGE. 101 

Paa den anden Side, af hvilken en Afbildning her med- 
deles tab. II, sees et phantastisfc fiirfoddet Dyr, der har 
nogen Overeensstemmelse med det paa Londoner -Stenen 
fremstillede, hvis lignende Kloer dog ere noget mere ud- 
forte; det har, ligesom dette, en fremstaaende omboiet 
Tunge men opreiste Takker. Ha!en ender sig i en fiirdeelt 
Svands; omkring Dyrets Hals, Krop og Hale er snoet en 
fuldstaendig Slangefigur med Hoved og Hale. 

Den anden Side adskilles fra den tredie af en Slags 
dobbeit gothisk Soile, der er dannet af tvende Snoninger. 
Disse udvikle sig i fortsatte Slyngninger og Snoninger, der 
tjene som Indfatning af de paa de tvende Sider anbragte 
Forestillinger. Underneden denne Indfatning fortsaettes Ind- 
skriften med een Linie paa den anden Side og sluttes 
ligeledes med een Linie paa den tredie. 

Paa den tredie Side, som er her afbildet tab. Ill, 
forestilles en skaegget Mandsfigur med en ved Kors betegnet 
Giorie omkring Hovedet. Denne er upaatvivlelig en Christus- 
figur; dens aabne Arme synes ikke at vaere udstrakte men 
kun betegnende. Den er ifort en snaevert sluttende kort 
Kjole, og Benene synes at vaere ubedaekkede. Slyngninger, 
der have Lighed med Slangesnoninger , skjont dog intet 
Slangehoved her er synligf, omgive Figuren til alle Sider 
og omfatte tillige saavel Kroppen som Armene. 

Indskriften paa den forste Side er ved de ovenanforte 
tidligere Undersogelser bragt til naesten fuldstaendig Klarhed 1 . 
Ordene (+h eller) |+H:hhA i 4de Linie, som tidligere vare urig- 
tig aftegnede (hos Worm K+H V ; A), Iseste, ligesom Areudt tid- 

•) Ved den 16de Rune i anden Linie 9 bernserkes, at Adam 
Miillers Tegning her forneden har to smaae Hager, som skulde antyde 
A 5 disse have hverken Worms eller Abildgaards Afbildninger, og 
de maae derfor antages tilfoiede i en senere Tid, upaatvivlelig af 
en Rune-Dilettant, der ikke har forstaaet Oldsprogets Former ', de 
have altsaa in gen Vserd og maa udelades. 



102 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 

ligere, Finn Magnusen, efterat Indskrifren var renset, upaa- 
tvivlelig saaledes rigtig, og Adam Miiller har ligeledes gjen- 
givet dem i sin Tegning, ligesom Pastor Kemp har, efter 
min Anmodning, netop noie efterseet disse Ord og derved 
gjort den Bemaeikning, at der mellem det forangaaende Navns 
Slutningsrune K. og Begyndelsesbogstavet I er en paa den 
nedenstaaende Afbildning bemaerket Udspaltning i Stenen, 
rimeligviis foranlediget ved et Skilletegn, som der har vaeret 
aubragt. Midtstregen i det andet Ords Slutningsrune A 
er nu aldeles usynlig, og Figuren viser sig som A. Af 
disse Ord gav Finn Magnusen den Fortolkning at \\H var 
det relative Pronomen is, es, der siden gik over til at blive 
er, og hMv, sor, Imperfectum af sverja, svaerge. Han 
formente nemlig at der sigtedes til den Ed, Kong Harald 
hoitidelig aflagde om at antage og befordre den christne 
Tro. Rask, som bemaerker: <t Der kan ingen Tvivl vaere om 
Laesemaaden |+H : H|a/k", har rimeligviis ogsaa bifaldt denne 
Fortolkning af den, da han ikke yttrer nogen derfra for- 
skjellig Anskuelse. En anden Sprogforsker 1 har fortolket 
det andet af disse Ord ved smr, sig, der altsaa skulde 
svare til ser efter saedvanlig islandsk Skrivemaade. En tredie 
ogsaa fortrinlig S[)rogforsker 2 formener at |+h er Verbet 
es, er. Det er vistnok utvivlsomt at de naevnte Ord i Rune- 
indskriftens Tidsalder kunne have vaeret og virkelig have 
vaeret anvendte i de af disse Granskere angivne Betydninger. 
Udtryksmaaden forekommer mig dog ikke ved nogen af 
dem ganske rimelig, og jeg vil til noiere Overveielse frem- 
saette en fjerde Forklaring, som man neppe heller strax vil 
skjenke sit Bifald, men som dog har det for sig, at den 



') Danraarks Historie i He«'enold af N. M. Petersen 2 p. 153. 
2 ) Kortfattet Fremstilling af den acldste nordiske Runeskrift af 
38. 



GORM DEN 6AMLE9 MINDESTEEN I JELLIIVGE. 103 

ikke tilforer vort i Runeiodskrifter bevarede Oldsprog Ud- 
tryksmaader, der dog neppe kunno antages at vaere i pro- 
saisk Lapidarskrift aldeles sikre. 

Man kunde ta3nke sig at Runeristeren havde efter Kong 
Harald Blaatands Bud i hans levende Live, (efter Suhms Me- 
ning 1 omtrent ved Aaret 978, efter andres omtrent 960), thi til 
den Tid maatte jo Monumentet henfores, indhugget Hoved- 
delen af Indskriften paa denne Side med Ordene 4+ : 
*+MttK : l+h tilfoiede og bar da afbrudt sit Aibeide, 
rnuligen efter Kongens egen Bestemmelse eller fordi der 
ikke var i denne Sides Slutningslinie Plads til hvad han 
havde agtet at udtry kke, rimeligviis : KK I htt+l) I : TH Y+ftRT, 
kristna[)i Danmaurk. 1 denne ufuldforte Tilstand har nu 
Monumentet i laengere Tid henstaaet, maaskee lige til Svend 
Estridsens Regjering, da man har bestemt sig til at tilfoie 
en Slutning og til denne tillige benyttet de underneden Fore- 
stillingerne paa de tvende andre Sider til saadan Anvendelse 
skikkede Pladser. Den, som paatog sig dette Hverv, har 
da fundet Udtrykket h+ — l+h, sa — ias eller ies foraeldet og 
har da begyndt sit Arbeide med at tilfoie til Forklaring 
det den Gang brugelige sa er, som han har sammentrukket 
til SA'R og ristet hMs det selv samme sammentrukne Ord 
som det, i Lighed med det aldre H+h (L 624, B 247) 
dannede, paa mange Runestene forekommende H+A (f. Ex. 
L 192, B 388; L 312, B 267; L 587, B 216), saaledes 
paa den ene Husby-Steen i Lyhundra Herred i Attunda- 
land i Upland (L 608), hvor der siges at fern Brodre lode 
reise denne Steen efter deres Broder Svein, som dode i 
Jylland men skulde have reist til England: 4+>k : h+Kl> : 
*M>fc : + : IhTh+TI : fch : HKhhf I : Rfc* : *\l : 
IKh+ht>h, d. e. SA'R VARJ> TUJR A IUTLATI ON 

') Hist, af Danmark 3, p. 13S. 



104 GORM DEN GAMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 

SKULTI FARA TIL IKLANJS, efter almindelig Ret- 
skiivning: t ,sa er var5 dau5r a Jotlandi en skyldi fara til 
Englands". 

Det kunde ogsaa vaere taenkeligt at der oprindelig ikke 
har staaet |+4, som dog er en noget tvivlsom, neppe i 
aeldre Runeindskrifter forekommende, Form, uagtet man vel 
senere finder |+A, men alene: +4, som oftere traeffes, f. 
Ex. paa den ene Steen i Nykirke Sogn, Jonakers Herred 
i Sodermanland (L 895, B77I), som tvendeBrodre havde 
reist til Erindring om deres Broder Svire eller Sverre, som 
dode i England: +4 : |\+fc> : *+|\&fc : fc : IKN-VN d. e. 
AS VAR5 TAUTR O IKLA1NTI, efter almindelig Skrive- 
brug ( es varo dauSr a Englandi". For at betegne at det 
folgende Ord var en tilfoiet Forklaring af det alt staaende 
foraeldede Ord, har Runeristeren forlaenget Skilletegnet (:) 
til en Streg og udhugget et nyt Skilletegn foran, der har 
foranlediget den omtalte Udspaltning. Arendt allerede har 
laest disse to Ord 1*4 : hh/k og antager at den foregaaende 
Streg er en mislykket Rune, der ikke skulde medtages ved 
Laesningen ; han har bema3rket at dens Afstand fra den 
folgende Character er lidt storre end saedvanlig. Uden at 
antage noget Tidsforlob inden den paafolgende Slutnings 
Indristning kunde man ogsaa antage at den her ommeldte 
Misristning af 1+4 istedenfor +4 har foranlediget Risteren 
til strax at tilfoie 4fc/k> for at Meningen sikrere skulde 
kunne fatres. 

De 4 sidste Runer i fjerde Linies Slutningsord ere 
temmelig utydelige i Tegningen og have af flere vaeret an- 
sete for ulaeselige. Imidlertid har Hr. Kemp gjentagne 
Gauge under fordelagtig Belysning tydelig kunnet see disse 
Runer og, naar Belysningen faldt skarpt paa dem, kunnet 
sikkert forfolge Traekkene, om hvis Laesniog der vistnok 
ingen Tvivl kan vaere. 



GOR.H DEN 6AMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLIXGE. 105 

Indskriften i Linien underneden Dyrefiguren paa den 
andeo Side er ogsaa tidligere laest og utvivlsom 1 . 

I Slutningslinien under Mandsfiguren paa tredie Side 
har man derimod alene gjengivet det forste Ord, den forste 
Rune af det andet Ord og Slutningsordet; af de niidterste 
8 eller 9 Runer bleve kun enkelte svage Traek med Usik- 
kerhed bemaerkede. 

Vor forste Runolog og efter ham vor forste nordiske 
Sprogforsker bar, som ovenfor bemaerket, hver isaer under- 
kastet selve Monumentet en noiagtig Undersogelse, men 
ingen af dem har dristet sig til at udfylde Lacunen og, 
saavidt mig bekjendt, helier ingen anden for eller efter 
dem. Noget vovelig og uden stort Haab om et gunstigt 
Resultat syntes derfor et Forsog paa at udfinde hvad der 
har staaet at maatte blive. Imidlertid forekom det mig, 
isaer da dette Mindesmaerke borer til vore allervigtigste her 
i Danmark, at man ikke burde meddele denne Indskrift 
uden at gjore et fornyet Forsog. Laerdom og Skarpsind 
til at fortolke en vanskelig Text er ikke altid forenet med 
Oie til at skimte haM udslidle eller forasldede Traek; hertil 
kommer at man ved fortsat, ofte gjentageu Betragtning af 
en saadan naesten halvt udslettet Indskrift under forskjellig 
Belysning, ikke alene naar den er beskinnet af Solly set 
men ogsaa efter Solnedgang, dog muligen kan have den 
Tilfredsstillelse at skimte enkelte forhen ubemaerkede Traek. 
Det gaaer i den Henseende med forvittret Lapidarskrift 

*) Alle Runerne i denne Linie ere tydelige og den eidste har 
baade Worm, Abildgaard og Adam Miiller gjengivet som Y , men 
da den i A. Fabricius's lllustreret Danmarks Historie meddelte Ra- 
dering her har T med Tvasrstregen noget lavere end paa den fore- 
gaaende Rune, effersaae Hr. Kemp denne Linies Slutningsrune og 
bemaerker at der staaer u aldeles tydelig Y uden at der er mindste 
8por af nogen Tvserstreg over Linien, hverken forsaetlig eller til- 
fjeldig". 



100 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDE8TEEN 1 JELLINGE. 

ligesom med de udslidte eller afblegede Skrifttraek i Skind- 
btiger og paa ganile Papirsblade, hvor man ved oftere gjen- 
tagne Forsog stundum kan laese meget endog med Sikkerhed, 
som man forste Gang bavde anseet fuldkommen ulaeseligt. 

Foranlediget af saadan Betragtning anmodede jeg Pastor 
Kemp om at gjore gjentagne Forsog paa at spore enkelte 
Traek. Med storste Beredvillighed ydede ban mig denne 
vaesentlige Bistand, som jeg meget paaskjonner. Han be- 
tragtede Indskriften til forskjellige Tider paa Dagen og under 
forskjellige Belysninger, ogsaa efter Solnedgang, hvorefter 
ban nieddelte mig de Traek, som ban troede med Sikkerhed 
at bave opdaget. Jeg havde tidligere ikke vovet nogen 
Gisning, men i den Tanke, at det andet Ord, der sikkert 
saaes at begynde med et T, maatte vaere et Verbum, bad 
jeg ham dernaest at eftersee, om Ordet ikke kunde vaere 
'tftK; jeg taenkte nemlig at der maatte staae tok (til), naar 
det ikke kunde vaere NT (let). Han beskrev noie hvert 
synligt Traek og bragde det til Vished, at denne Gisning 
ikke kunde vaere rigtig, og jeg lededes derefter ved de be- 
tegnede og beskrevne Traek til en anden Fortolkning. 

Liniens Indskrift deels saaes, deels skimtedes at vaere 
som den her gjengives: 

12 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 og folgende. 

Runerne 1 — 4 ere aldeles tydelige og allerede af Worm, 
Abildgaard og Arendt gjengivne. Arendt bar dog kun af 
4, 5, 6 gjengivet det overste Parti * li og, ligesom Abild- 
gaard, af de naermest folgende til Slutningsordet aldeles 
intet. Sogende, som ovenanfort, et Verbum i denne Linie, 
forespurgfe jeg mig dog, om ikke den forste Rune kunde 
vaere T, men fik den Oplysning at der aldeles ingen Tvivl 
var om at denne Rune maatte laeses +. 

Runen 5 havde Hr. Kemp betegnet som I Juldkommen 
tydclig", ligesom Worm ogsaa havde givet den; men jeg 



GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 107 

bad ham, efter at jeg havde fattet Meningen, at eftersee, 
om der ikke skulde findes den antydede Tvaerstreg, og han 
s^arede derpaa at der kan foles og tildeels sees en svag 
Fordybning eller Afskygning i Stenen som en Tvaerstreg, 
men at Indskriften paa dette Sted ikke gaaer meget dybt 
ind i Stenen. Forst senere saae jeg at ogsaa Adam Muller 
havde paa sin Tegning svagt antydet den samme Tvaerstreg. 

Tvaerstregen over 6 (f) er ganske tydelig, og allerede 
Worm har her den selv^amme Rune. 

Af Runen 7 (+), som Worm har laest I, er Hoved- 
staven aldeles tydelig og Tvaerstregen kan temmelig sikkert 
baade sees og foles, saa at der om samme ikke kan vaere 
nogen Tvivl. Derimod skjonnes der ikke at vaere noget 
Skilletegn efter. 

Runen 8 viser sig kun som en Streg, hvoraf dog kun 
den nederste Deel er aldeles tydelig; ganske utydelige Spor 
sees eller tildeels foles af opadgaaende Tvaerstreger, saaledes 
som antydet. Med Sikkerhed kunde denne Rune ikke af 
Hr. Kemp laeses. Worm har givet den som K, har altsaa 
kun seet een opadgaaende Tvaerstreg, uagtet han har for- 
modet, at det maatte vaere Y. 

Runen 9 er temmelig tydelig at see; istedenfor [\ har 
Worm her +:, men sin Laesning af denne og de 4 naermest 
folgende Runer (TMlK) har han anseet for usikker. De 
tvende Runer, som skulde folge naermest efter, nemlig Nr. 
10 og II, ere aldeles usynlige, da Stenen der kun er en 
tabula rasa; det er aldeles umuligt at opdage mindste Spor 
af nogen Rune paa Pladsen. For en tredie Rune her, 
Nr. I w 2, er der kun liden Plads, men en saadan Rune synes 
dog at vise sig som I, (eller maaskee som +, ikke som 
+). Runen 13 er tydelig at see som T, uagtet dog Adam 
Muller kun har vovet at gjengive en yderst svag Tvaerstreg 
til hoire h Runerne 14 og folgende ere, som tidligere 
bemaerket, aldeles tydelige. 



108 GORM DBM GAtfLES HIHBBSTBBN I JELLINGE. 

For at have en Forestilling om Forholdet, bemaerkes, 
at hele Linien udgjor 3' 9"; fra Rune 4 til 13, begge in- 
clusive, 1' 8£"; fra Rune 8 til 13, begge inclusive 1' 1". 

Efter tie saaledes meddelte Oplysninger skulde man 
vist ikke ansee det for en meget vovet Gisning at supplere 
Pladserne 10 til 1*2 I^KI og at laese hele Linien: 

: AUK : TAJNAFULKIT : KRIS T NO : 

Kristxo kan ikke vaere Substantivet, der hedder kristni 
og er foeniinin; men det kunde vaere Adjectiv i Dativ 
neutrum, og det foregaaende Substantiv maatte da ogsaa 
vaere Dativ, folgelig Pladsen 10 til 12 kun udfyldes med 
de to Runer M', hvilket, som ovenfor bemaerket, vel kan 
passe efter Pladsens Brede, og dernaest maatte Slutnings- 
runen i Ordet ikke laeses som T men som |, uagtet den 
dog forekommer at vaere tydeligt 1\ Imidlertid, om man 
ogsaa kunde laese saa, skjonner jeg ikke at deraf kan ud- 
bringes nogen rimelig Mening. 

Antager man derimod KK.IhTKfc for Verbets Infinitiv 
praesens, ledes man til en Fortolkning, der, saavidt jeg 
skjonner, kan have Sandsynlighed for sig. Et saadantAn- 
tagende bestyrkes ved det selvsamme Infinitivs sikre Fore- 
komst i en anden Runeindskiift, nemlig paa Froso-Stenen 
iJaemteland (L 1085, B1I12, W522), hvor der siges om 
Austmod Gudfastson (Hh-ltY^A Kh^HIMAhhS) at JftS 
NT KfU-iTM* INT^M^KT: HOTN T LIT KRISTNO IOTA- 
LONT, hvor saaledes I* i flere Ord forekommer istedenfor 
det saedvanlige + eller 4: tc hann let kristna Jamtaland". 
Iovrigt bemaerkes at Runen |a i danske saavelsom svenske 
Runestene oftere bruges for + til at betegne samme a-Lyd, 
der vistnok her er Tilfaeldet ligesom i Ordet HhA ovenfor, 
naar den af mig foreslaaede Fortolkning antages. 

Naar denne Laesning hyldes, bemaerker man at der i 
Slutningslinieu intet Verbum findes, hvoraf Infinitivet kristno 
kan afh.Tngc; mail Iicnvises saahsU's til det paa Indskrillens 



GORM BEN GAMLES MIIVDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 109 

Hovedside sidst forekommende Verbum yann; vinna be- 
tyder overvinde, erobre, beraaegtige sig, super are, occupare, 
potiri, og det bar her i denne Betydning de to Objecter 
u Danmaurk ala" og t4 Nurviag", Iigesom der paa en Rune- 
steen paa Lunds Gjerde, Valbo Sogn i Gestrikland (L 1050, 
B 1100) siges om Ibiurn, at ban lt vant Selalant ala"; der- 
naest betyder det ogsaa udrette, opnaae, fuldfore, efficere, 
patrare, assequi, og i denne Betydniog staaer det her med 
Infinitivet i Slutningen; vahh kristna er det samme som 
kristnadi, aldeles Iigesom, for blot at nsevne et Par Exempler 
af mange, i Vegtamskvica i den aeldreEdda (IV 7 5 — 6, der 
dog er tagen af en Papirsafskiift og maaskee mindre 
authentisk) vann at vinna eid er det samme som vann 
eid og i Skaldhelga-rimur, som hore til de aeldste Digte 
af denne Digtart (I 52, Gronlands historiske Mindesmaerker 
2 p. 458) vann leita er det samme som leitafii. I Rek- 
stefja, som Skjalden Hallarsteinn i det lite Aarhundrede 
forfattede om Kong Olaf Tryggvason (str. 11, Scripta hi- 
storica Islandomm vol. HI p. 250) siger han om denne at 
han ti vann kristnat Island, Gr&naveldi ok Eyjar\ krist- 
nede Island, Gronland og Oerne, hvor altsaa Verbet vann 
forekommer i den selvsamme Betydning med Participiet. 
Det er troligt at Runeristeren netop har villet anvende 
denne Participform, der saaledes sees at vaere brugt aldeles 
i samme Forbindelse og Betydning i eller naer ved hans 
Tidsalder, hvortil der dog ikke har vaeret Plads i Linien, 
og har han derfor maattet indskraenke sig til at udtrykke 
det samme med Infinitivet. 

Efterat have forudskikket disse Bemasrkninger, vil jeg 
her vedfoie en Afbildning af Indskriftens Hovedside i for- 
mindsket Maalestok og derunderneden i samme Forhold, 
for at fremstille hele denne maerkelige Indskrift samlet paa 
eet Sted, de tvende Slutningslinier fra de andre Sider. 



no 



GORM DEN GAMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 




JIHM1 




ilM 



Den hele Indskrift laeser jeg, ifolge hvad jeg ovenfor 
har forklaret, saaledes, udtrykt med latinske Versalier: 

HARALTR : KUNUKR : BA£ : GAURUA : KUBL 
5AUSI : AFT : KURM : FA^UR : SIN : AUK : AFT 
JJIURUI : MUJUR : SINA : SA : HARALTR : [AS 
SO R : UAN . TANMAURK : ALA : AUK : INURU1AK 
AUK : TANAFULKIT : KRISTNO. 



GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. Ill 

Omskrevet efter den for Olddansken senere indforte 
almindeligste islandske Skrivemaade, bliver denne Indskrift 
at laese saaledes, hvorved imidlertid maa bema3rkes, at 
mange af de aeldste islandske Haandskrifter have Oidene 
t baf), gaurva, faf)ur, danmaurk" skrevne tildels eller aldeles 
som i Runeindskriften : 

Haraldr konungr ba5 gora kumbl f)etta(bessi) 1 eftirGorm, 
foour sinn, ok eftir 3>yri, moour si'na, sa Haraldr es (d: 
sa er) vann Danmork alia ok Norveg ok Danafolkit kristna. 

D. e. Kong Harald lod gjore denne Hoi efter sin Fader 
Gorm og efter sin Moder Thyre, den Harald som vandt 
(blev Herre over) hele Danmark og INorge og (udforte det 
Vaerk) at kristne (d. e. kristnede) Danefolket. 

Det maa ved Kong Gorms Mindesteen bemaerkes, at 
Forestillingerne paa dens anden og tredie Side ere udforte 
ganske i den samme Smag som bemaerkes i de i Thyre 
Danebods Gravhoi fundne Gjenstande, hvorved saaledes 
Runestenens Udforelse henvises til samme Tidsalder. 

J ) I Grougaldr i den aeldre Edda (str. 1) forekommer det 
sammensatte Ord „kumbl-dys"$ dys svarer i Betydning til det 
graeske ^U, opkastet Hiii, agger, og det persiske diz , en Hoi 
(jfr. det svenske dos, en Hbstak) 5 kumbl betyder vel oprindelig en 
Dynge [cumulus'), navnlig en Steendynge, Stecnsaetningj kumbl-dys 
er da en Steen-Dysse og, ligesom senere kumbl saerskilt, en over 
en steensat Grav opfdrt Gravhoi 5 „kumbl pausi" antager jeg her 
brugt i plur. med denne Betydning i collectiv Forstand, og at der 
ligeledcs i lndskriften paa Thyre Danebods Mindesteen (ovenfor p. 
307) maa lseses (t kumbl {>ausi" og ikke Jmsi, forklaret J>usi c=j 
J)onsi, ace. sing. masc. , da kumbl er neutr. Paa samme Maade 
finder man Ordet i collectiv Foi stand anvendt i Flertal paa andre 
Runestene: L 1383, 12(55, 1254 og paa Lofsfalund-Stenen (ovenfor 
p. 237, jfr. p. 235): kubl J)ausi, f>isi, J>esi; medens det dog ogsaa 
stundum forekommer i sing. : L 895 , 896 : kuml J>atsi og L 334 : 
kubl f>ita. 



Tal>. I . 




FUMBEN FAA 
ST FAUJLS KIMKIE &AAR© I JLO WIDOW. 



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EKDRM DiEN RAMIUES Ml^D E3TMEW. 



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